NAU Quiz 2 Study Guide (CH 2, 6) Chapter 2 – Biological Psychology Be able to: Label and explain the parts of a neuron dendrites- neurons busy, branchy extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body cell body- the cell's life support center axon- neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands terminal buttons- responsible for sending signal to other neurons myelin- fatty tissue layer segment ally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next. synapse- junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. Identify the types of neurons Motor neurons- carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands. Sensory neurons- carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS. Interneurons- communicate within the CNS and intervene between incoming and outgoing messages. Define an Action Potential- a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. Know major functions of Dopamine and Serotonin Dopamine Functions- influences movement, learning, attention, emotion and reinforcement Malfunctions- schizophrenia (oversupply) and Parkinson's (under) Drugs- cocaine, methamphetamine, adderall, all addictive drugs Serotonin function- mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal Malfunctions- depression (undersupply); serotonin syndrome (over) Drugs- antidepressants, LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA Explain the dangers of drugs that greatly increase dopamine release Label and explain the 4 lobes of the brain Frontal- portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgements Parietal- portion of cerebral cortex lying top of the head and towards ear, receives sensory input for touch and body position Occipital- portion of the vertebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.Temporal- portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above ears; each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. Identify the Motor and Sensory Cortex Motor- area of rear of the frontal that controls voluntary movements Sensory- area in front of parietal that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations Recognize the following parts of the brain by their functions Amygdala- two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion Medulla- the base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing Hippocampus- Hypothalamus- directs several maintenance activities, (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. Thalamus- brains sensory router, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. Corpus Callosum- large gland of neural fibers connecting the two brains hemisphere and carrying messages between them. Cerebellum- "little brain" processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory. Explain what structures are included in the limbic system and the brainstem- Limbic system includes: amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Brainstem- medulla and pons Identify and explain branches of the nervous system Produce examples of the following concepts: Sympathetic nervous system functioning- arousing (fight or flight) Parasympathetic nervous system functioning- calming (breathing) Lesioning or removal of the amygdala- no emotion, destruction of brain tissue Plasticity- brains ability to change, especially through childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience Natural selection- principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, reproduction and survival. Differentiate between correct and incorrect views of right-left brain differences Chapter 6 – Perception and Sensation Be able to: Differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processing Top down- information processing guided by higher level processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectationsBottom up- analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain integration of sensory information Compose examples of sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (can't smell anymore because it's been there, clocks) Define absolute and difference thresholds- Difference- minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time (noticeable difference) Absolute- minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time Label the parts of the eye Classify functions of rods and cones Rods- retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond Cones- retinal receptors cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. Give examples of Gestalt principles Figure and ground Judge between binocular and monocular cues Monocular- depths cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. Binocular- depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two