Dihybrid cross9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypesChi Square TestGoodness of fitFormula x^2=summation of {((O-E)^2)/E}After determining goodness of fit, you’ll get a chi squared numberP valueProbability from chi square tableDegrees of freedomNumber of categories that are independent of each otherDf=n-1Where n=total number of categories9:3:3:14 categories=3 degrees of freedomLow chi squared numbers indicate a better fit and a higher confidence interval than high chi squared valuesMembers of a pair of chromosomes are called homologuesOne member is inherited from the motherOne member is inherited from the fatherThe two homologues form a homologous pairThe two chromosomes in a homologous pairNearly identical in sizeHave the same genesBut not necessarily the same allelesMitosis (PMAT) Two daughter cellsInterphaseG1S (synthesis=chromosomes duplicate)G2MitosisProphasePrometaphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase (two new daughter cells)CytokinesisG0= a cell that moves from G1G0 means that it’s done dividingSister chromatids (split from one chromosome=are identical)Form the x of chromosomesHeld together at the crossing by a centromeren= the DNA that you inherited from one of yoru parentssince you inherited DNA from two parents, your genome is 2nsperm= negg= nDNA replication occurs during S phase (synthesis)In G2 cell is at 4nAnd then splits so each cell is 2nMitosis is splitting 4n2nCentrosomesThe polar things that move to opposite sides of the cellMicrotubulesSome stretch the entire length of the cellSome go from the chromosomes to the centrosomesSeparaseComes along and cleaves the glue/bonds of the chromosomesMoves metaphase to anaphaseMetaphaseChromatids are lined up at the middle of the cellsAnaphaseCells split (as soon as the chromosomes start moving)Telophase/CytokinesisCleavage furrow forms and cells become two cells Dihybrid cross- 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes Chi Square Test- Goodness of fito Formula x^2=summation of {((O-E)^2)/E} After determining goodness of fit, you’ll get a chi squared number- P valueo Probability from chi square table- Degrees of freedomo Number of categories that are independent of each other- Df=n-1o Where n=total number of categories- 9:3:3:1o 4 categories=3 degrees of freedom Low chi squared numbers indicate a better fit and a higher confidence interval than high chi squared values Members of a pair of chromosomes are called homologues- One member is inherited from the mother- One member is inherited from the fathero The two homologues form a homologous pair- The two chromosomes in a homologous pair o Nearly identical in sizeo Have the same geneso But not necessarily the same alleles- Mitosis (PMAT) Two daughter cells- Interphaseo G1S (synthesis=chromosomes duplicate)G2- Mitosiso Prophase Prometaphaseo Metaphaseo Anaphaseo Telophase (two new daughter cells)- Cytokinesis G0= a cell that moves from G1G0 means that it’s done dividing Sister chromatids (split from one chromosome=are identical)- Form the x of chromosomeso Held together at the crossing by a centromere n= the DNA that you inherited from one of yoru parents since you inherited DNA from two parents, your genome is 2n sperm= n egg= n DNA replication occurs during S phase (synthesis) In G2 cell is at 4n- And then splits so each cell is 2n- Mitosis is splitting 4n2n Centrosomes- The polar things that move to opposite sides of the cell Microtubules- Some stretch the entire length of the cell- Some go from the chromosomes to the centrosomes Separase- Comes along and cleaves the glue/bonds of the chromosomeso Moves metaphase to anaphaseMetaphase- Chromatids are lined up at the middle of the cells Anaphase- Cells split (as soon as the chromosomes start moving) Telophase/Cytokinesis- Cleavage furrow forms and cells become two