PlantsSimultaneous hermaphroditesSequential hermaphroditesFirst one gender then the otherClown fishMale firstAlleleVersion of a geneWild type alleleIntact fully function copy/allele/version of a geneNull alleleTotally non-functional alleleCharacter/TraitMorphological characteristics of an organismTrue breederVariety that produces the same trait over several generationsWhen two factors of a single trait are differentOne is dominant and its effect can be seenOther is recessive and its effect can not be seenMendels Law of SegregationDuring gamete formation, the paired factors (genes) segregate randomly so that half of the gametes received one factor and half of the gametes received the otherParticulate theory of inheritanceIn every case for Mendel, F2 generation showed 3:1 ration of the parental traitsPunnett SquaresFill out genes on x and y axis (male on x axis) (female on y axis)Dihybrid crossCrossing individual plants that differ in two traitsDiscovered that different factors (genes) controlled different thingsDifferent genes on different chromosomes separate independentlyIndependent assortmentDifferent genes on same chromosome (especially near each other) tend to clump togetherDependent assortmentLoss of Function allelesCompletely defective copies of genesUsually inherited in a recessive matterBut not alwaysCystic FibrosisRecessive trait3% of Caucasians are carriersGene encodes a proteinCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanc Plants- Simultaneous hermaphrodites Sequential hermaphrodites- First one gender then the othero Clown fish Male firstAllele- Version of a gene Wild type allele- Intact fully function copy/allele/version of a gene Null allele- Totally non-functional allele Character/Trait- Morphological characteristics of an organism  True breeder- Variety that produces the same trait over several generations When two factors of a single trait are different- One is dominant and its effect can be seen- Other is recessive and its effect can not be seen Mendels Law of Segregation- During gamete formation, the paired factors (genes) segregate randomly so that half of the gametes received one factor and half of the gametes received the other Particulate theory of inheritance- In every case for Mendel, F2 generation showed 3:1 ration of the parental traits Punnett Squares- Fill out genes on x and y axis (male on x axis) (female on y axis) Dihybrid cross- Crossing individual plants that differ in two traits- Discovered that different factors (genes) controlled different things Different genes on different chromosomes separate independently- Independent assortment Different genes on same chromosome (especially near each other) tend to clump together- Dependent assortment Loss of Function alleles - Completely defective copies of genes- Usually inherited in a recessive mattero But not always  Cystic Fibrosis- Recessive trait- 3% of Caucasians are carriers- Gene encodes a protein Cystic fibrosis transmembrane