AlleleVersion of a geneWild type alleleIntact fully functional copy/version of a geneNull alleleNon functional type of alleleCystic FibrosisRecessive disorderProbabilityNumber of times an event occurs/total number of eventsRandom sampling errorLarge for small samplesSmall for large samplesSum RuleProbability that one or the other of two mutually exclusive outcomes will occur is the sum of their respective probabilities1/6+1/6= 1/3According to the National Safety Council, In US14% chance of dying of cancer17% chance of dying of heart diseaseTherefore, assuming nobody dies of both, you have a 14+17=31% chance of dying of either cancer or heart diseaseDihybrid cross w/ sum ruleTwo genes (produce 9:3:3:1)Gene 1Affects EarsDe=normal allelede=droopy earsGene 2Affects tailCt=Normal tailct= crinkly tailIf two heterozygous (De de Ct ct) mice are crossedThe the predicted ratio of offspring is9 normal ears/normal tails3 normal ears/crinkly tails3 droopy ears/ normal tails1 droopy ears/crinkly tailWhat is probability that an offspring of the above cross will have normal ears and normal tail & droopy ears and crinkly tail(9/16+1/16)=10/16or (9+1)/16=10/16Product RuleJust multiply(1/4rr)x(1/4Yy) or whatever your combo isProduct Rule involves independent eventsCongential analgesiaRecessive trait in humansAffected individuals do not perceive extreme sensations as painful Allele- Version of a gene Wild type allele- Intact fully functional copy/version of a gene Null allele- Non functional type of allele Cystic Fibrosis- Recessive disorder Probability - Number of times an event occurs/total number of events Random sampling error- Large for small samples- Small for large samples Sum Rule- Probability that one or the other of two mutually exclusive outcomes will occur is the sum of their respective probabilities- 1/6+1/6= 1/3 According to the National Safety Council, In US- 14% chance of dying of cancer - 17% chance of dying of heart diseaseo Therefore, assuming nobody dies of both, you have a 14+17=31% chance of dying of either cancer or heart disease Dihybrid cross w/ sum rule- Two genes (produce 9:3:3:1)o Gene 1 Affects Ears De=normal allele de=droopy earso Gene 2 Affects tail Ct=Normal tail ct= crinkly tail- If two heterozygous (De de Ct ct) mice are crossedo The the predicted ratio of offspring is 9 normal ears/normal tails 3 normal ears/crinkly tails 3 droopy ears/ normal tails 1 droopy ears/crinkly tail- What is probability that an offspring of the above cross will have normal ears and normal tail & droopy ears and crinkly tailo (9/16+1/16)=10/16 or (9+1)/16=10/16 Product Rule- Just multiplyo (1/4rr)x(1/4Yy) or whatever your combo is Product Rule involves independent events- Congential analgesiao Recessive trait in humans Affected individuals do not perceive extreme sensations as