Plants Simultaneous hermaphrodites Sequential hermaphrodites First one gender then the other o Clown fish Male first Allele Version of a gene Wild type allele Intact fully function copy allele version of a gene Null allele Totally non functional allele Character Trait Morphological characteristics of an organism True breeder Variety that produces the same trait over several generations When two factors of a single trait are different One is dominant and its effect can be seen Other is recessive and its effect can not be seen Mendels Law of Segregation During gamete formation the paired factors genes segregate randomly so that half of the gametes received one factor and half of the gametes received the other Particulate theory of inheritance In every case for Mendel F2 generation showed 3 1 ration of the parental traits Punnett Squares Fill out genes on x and y axis male on x axis female on y axis Dihybrid cross Crossing individual plants that differ in two traits Discovered that different factors genes controlled different things Different genes on different chromosomes separate independently Independent assortment Different genes on same chromosome especially near each other tend to clump together Dependent assortment Loss of Function alleles Completely defective copies of genes Usually inherited in a recessive matter o But not always Cystic Fibrosis Recessive trait 3 of Caucasians are carriers Gene encodes a protein Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanc