Chapter 1: About Communication5 needs for communicatingPhysical needsStrong social ties = good healthRelational needsCommunication is how we build, maintain, and end relationshipsIdentity needsCommunication shapes how we see ourselvesSpiritual needsCommunication provides a way for people to express their spiritual needsInstrumental needsCommunication helps us accomplish practical, everyday mundane needsModels of communicationAction Model3 Types of noisePhysical noise (outside noise)Psychological noise (things in your head)Physiological noise (inner body noise)Like the process of sending a textInteraction ModelLike handing in a paper and getting it backTransaction ModelLike face to face communicationCharacteristics of communicationCommunication relies on multiple channelsChannel rich contextFace-to-faceChannel lean contextTexting, cell phonesCommunication passes through perceptual filtersPeople give communication meaningSymbolCommunication has literal and relation dimensionsContent DimensionRelational dimension (implicit)Metacommunication (communication about communication)Communication sends a messageIntentionalUnintentionalCommunication is governed by rulesExplicit rules (you have been told)Implicit rules (implied, you just kind of know)Why does communication matter?IC is passiveIC can improve relationshipsIC can improve our healthBuilding communication competenceCommunication competence = communicating in ways that are effective (achieves the goals you are trying to reach) and appropriate for a given situation (attends to the rules and expectations that apply in a social situation)Self awarenessSelf-monitoringAdaptabilityEmpathyCognitive complexityEthicsBOOKImpact of cell phones on happiness and life satisfaction (p. 20)Fact or fiction—connection between life satisfaction and communicating online (p. 25)FACTChapter 2: Culture and GenderCultureThe learned, shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from anotherIn-groupsA group of people with whom one identifiesOut-groupsA group of people with whom one does not identifyCo-culturesGroups of people who share values, customs, and norms related to a mutual interest or characteristicCultural awarenessBeing informed of other cultures around you and being able to embrace themAcquiring a cultureEnculturation (the one we are born in)Acculturation (learned… other than we are born into)Components of cultureSymbolsVital to a culture, represent ideasLanguageWritten and spoken communicationcertain words or jargonValuesGives you standards to judge things onNormsRules or expectations that guide behaviorsCommunicating with cultural awarenessSimilarity assumptionHow culture affects communicationIndividualism vs. CollectivismIndividualistic Culture  responsibility to oneselfCollectivistic Culture  concerned with groupLow Context vs. High ContextLow Context Culture  direct, explicit, openHigh Context Cultures  beat around the bush, indirectLow Power Distance vs. High Power DistanceLow Power Distance  equal, freedom, less rulesHigh Power Distance  monarchy, rules, obedienceMasculine vs. FeminineMasculine  embraces traditional values, success, competitionFeminine  traditional feminine values, non-sex defined rolesTime managementDisplaced  see time as exact (on time) (Allie)Diffused  approximate (window of time)Monochronic  schedule one thing at a time (time is money!)Polychronic  haste makes waste (Kenna)Low ambiguity tolerant vs. High ambiguity tolerantLow Ambiguity Tolerant (uncertainty avoidant) (Greece, Belgium)High Ambiguity Tolerant (uncertainty accepting) (Jamaica, Ireland)Action OrientationDoing Culture (masculine, low-context, individualistic)Being Culture (collectivistic, feminine, high-context) (people are more important than things)Communication codesCommunication codes—verbal and nonverbal behaviors that characterize a culture and distinguish it from other culturesIdioms  figurativelyJargon  distinguish between cultures (doctor speak)Gestures  express ideasGender and CommunicationExpressive and instrumental talkExpressive talk  express emotion, build relationship (women)Expressive talk  convey information (men)Language and powerPowerful Speech  holding the floor, talk more, give more directions (men)Powerless Speech  disclaimers, attentive (women)Gendered Linguistic styleMasculine  “I” statements, judgmental adjectivesFeminine  “we” “our” express emotion, intense adverbsBOOK:Difference between ethnicity and nationality (p. 38)Fact or fiction—homosexual/heterosexual relationship satisfaction (p. 56)FICTIONFact or Fiction—the EAR and who talks more, men or women (p. 62)FICTIONGender and nonverbal communication—who uses more emotional communication, men or women? (p. 64)WOMENWho engages in more affectionate communication, men or women? (p. 65)WOMENComs 244 Exam 1 Review 02/20/2015Chapter 1: About Communication-5 needs for communicatingoPhysical needsStrong social ties = good healthoRelational needsCommunication is how we build, maintain, and end relationshipsoIdentity needsCommunication shapes how we see ourselvesoSpiritual needsCommunication provides a way for people to express their spiritual needsoInstrumental needsCommunication helps us accomplish practical, everydaymundane needs-Models of communicationoAction Model3 Types of noisePhysical noise (outside noise)Psychological noise (things in your head)Physiological noise (inner body noise)Like the process of sending a textoInteraction ModelLike handing in a paper and getting it backoTransaction ModelLike face to face communication -Characteristics of communicationoCommunication relies on multiple channelsChannel rich contextFace-to-faceChannel lean contextTexting, cell phonesoCommunication passes through perceptual filtersoPeople give communication meaningSymboloCommunication has literal and relation dimensionsContent DimensionRelational dimension (implicit)Metacommunication (communication about communication)oCommunication sends a messageIntentional Unintentional oCommunication is governed by rulesExplicit rules (you have been told)Implicit rules (implied, you just kind of know)-Why does communication matter?oIC is passiveoIC can improve relationshipsoIC can improve our health-Building communication competenceoCommunication competence = communicating in ways that are effective (achieves