● 2 things that control the density of seawater: temp & salinity● major salt in seawater: NaCL● Ocean currents moving from S to N curve LEFT in the northern hemisphere because coriolis effect● Water in the deep sea is cold & salty● seawater contains approx 35 g/L of dissolved salt● C:N:P in phytoplankton biomass = 106:16:1 (redfield ratio)● humans can stimulate phytoplankton growth in certain areas of open ocean to sequestercarbon dioxide from the atmosphere by manipulating availability of which nutrient? Iron● daily variation in pH of seawater is controlled by photosynthesis & cellular respiration● Scyphozoa & Hydrozoa are found in Cnidaria● Earliest & simplese invertebrate = sponge● name 3/7 classes of mollusks (bivalvia, cephalopoda, gastropoda)● Asteroidae, Ophiuroidea, and Holothuroidea are classes in the phylum echi nodermata○ give common names: starfishes, brittle stars, sea cucumbers● Members of phylum Urochordata all feed by: FILTER FEEDING● Name 3 invertebrate phyla that have bilateral symmetry: ARTHROPODA, MOLLUSCA, ECHINODERMATA● Difference between meroplankton & holoplankton (mero spend part of their lives in plankton, holo spend whole lives as plankton)● Lecithotrophic vs Planktotrophic:○ dispersal (P high, L low)○ number of eggs (P high, L low)○ larval mortality (P high, L low)○ adult investment per egg (P low, L high)○ feeding mode (P feed, L don’t feed)○ location where favored (P shallow tropical, L deep polar)● efficient coupling in tropical waters (phytoplankton/zooplankton)○ inefficient coupling in polar waters■ nutrients are constantly available in tropical- less seasonal variation■ polar- all nutrients available in one short bloom but not really steadily available for rest of year● vertical migration IS a behavior exhibited by many zooplankton- it may help them (predator avoidance, sun damage avoidance, etc)● describe 3 ways food from the ocean’s epipelagic zone reaches the ocean’s bathypelagic zone○ ocean snow○ dead animals sinking○ vertical migration- predators move up into photic zone to capture prey & then return to deep● the extent of the oxygen minimum zone tends to be greatest at approximately 200 m● atlantic IS NOT the largest oceanall of the oceans DO NOT connect in the southern hemisphere● the density of seawater IS greatest at 0 deg celsius● water DOES mix between ocean basins on a time scale of 1000 years● phytoplankton depend on solar energy to fix carbon● 2 environmental factors that together lead to high primary productivity in the oceans:○ available light○ available chlorophyll/nutrients● the following compounds can serve as antenna pigments for phytoplankton: carotenoids● how are the timing and intensity of the annual cycle of primary production in temperate versus polar oceans different○ tropical- little seasonal variation○ temperate- 1 large spring bloom, 1 smaller fall bloom○ polar- 1 HUGE bloom in the spring/summer● radiolaria have skeletons composed of silicate● radiolaria and foraminifera feed by trapping particles● centric diatoms differ from pennate diatoms because centric diatoms primarily live attached to surfaces FALSE- (centric have radial symmetry, pennate have bilateral, also pennate are freshwater and centric are marine)● longer wavelengths of light penetrate to greater depths in the water column FALSE● 2 characteristics that distinguish diatoms from dinoflagellates○ dinoflagellates have tail-like appendage for movement○ diatoms are coated in silica● are phytoplankton-measuring satellite devices likely to over or UNDERestimate standing crop & why? -cannot always sense plankton that is deeper in the ocean● Net PP = gross PP - cellular respiration● the critical depth theory was developed to explain: ??○ open ocean surface waters have high nutrient concentrations FALSE○ polar seas typically have 2 large productivity blooms/year FALSE○ tropical seas have shallow compensation depths FALSE○ upwelling zones are regions of low primary productivity FALSE○ marine productivity is high in oligotrophic regions FALSE○ the critical depth model depends on nutrient concentrations FALSE● seabirds conserve energy while flying by soaring● penguins are members of the order: sphenisciformes● among the nekton fish have developed unique sensory organs called lateral lines that are used to sense movement in water● other nekton use “ampullae of lorenzini” to detect what? electrical activity in the water● how do sea snakes stay hydrated? drinking freshwater● what are the major pinniped groups (seals and walruses and sea lions)● 2 external morphological characteristics that distinguish between pinniped groups (external ears, neck length, rear flipper movement)● 2 physiological adaptations used by marine mammals in swimming and diving to prolongtheir bottom time while diving (feet are modified flippers, bradycardia, increased # of red blood cells, more hemoglobin per