1. Biodiversity2. Social Behavior and Symbiosis3. Migration and Navigation4. Estuarine Management5. Climate Change6. FisheriesMars 3450 Should Know!!!Hollibaugh Probably good to knowExam 3/Final review guideNote: This is not all you need to know. 30% is old material1. Biodiversity(1) Analytical Assessment of Biodiversity(a) Quantifying Biodiversity(i) Species diversity has 2 componentss1. Richness: Number of Different Species2. Evenness: Distribtuion of individuals among a species(ii) Side Note for terminology1. Community refers to interacting organisms2. Assemblage refers to a collection of organisms that don’t have to interact.(b) Expressing Diversity(i) Diversity Indices1. Variablesa. ni: individuals in species “i”/ importance value of each speciesb. N: Total #of individuals/total importance2. Simpson indexa. S=1/(ni/N)2)3. Shannon Indexa. H’=-((ni/N)*ln(ni/N))(ii) Diversity Curves1. Species-Area Curvea. Analysizes the number of species per unit of areab. Problem:Deciding what is included in the community2. Rarefaction Curvea. Break down of number of species per sampleb. Problem: techinal limitations of identification (often causes biases)(iii) Accumulation Curves1. Number of individuals per proportion of OTU(operation taxonic units)2. Tells how well the population is sampled(c) Issues with analytical assessment of biodiversity(i) Most species are rare, and we can’t sample everyone of them.1. Isn’t practical2. Our ability to sample bacterial diversity in a few grams of some soils may be similar to our ability to sample moth diversity in a few hundred square kilometers of tropical forest.(2) Biological limitation and problems with biodiversity(a) How do we define what is a species(i) Crucial definition for taxonomic differentiation1. Usually assessed by sRNA similarity(95% or 99.5%)(b) How do we estimate true richness or diversity of sample?(i) Parametric Richness EstimatorsMars 3450 Should Know!!!Hollibaugh Probably good to knowExam 3/Final review guideNote: This is not all you need to know. 30% is old material1. Based on an assumption about the underlying structure of the population being samplea. Poisson, Log-normal, Regression-based estimateb. Issue is how do you know the correct distrution model(ii) Non-Parametic Estimators1. Makes no assumptions about the underlying distribution2. Adapted from mark-release-recapture (MRR) statistics for estimating the size of animal populations3. Considers the proportion of species that have been observed before (“recaptured”) to those that are observed only once.a. In a very diverse community, the probability that a species will be observed more than once will be low, and most species will only be represented by one individual in a sample.b. In a depauperate community, the probability that aspecies will be observed more than once will be higher, and many species will be observed multiple times in a sample.4. Two Commonly-used formsa. Chao1 and ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimators)i. Use an MRR-like ratio to estimate richness by adding a correction factor to observed number of speciesii. Useful for data sets skewed toward the lower abundance classesvery rich populationb. Ex: Chao1: S*1=Sobs + (a2/2b)i. Sobs= # of species oveservedii. a= number of species observed onceiii. b= number of species observed twicec. Ex: ACE: Sace=Sabund + (Srare/Cace) + (F1/Cace)2acei. Srare= number of rare species (10≥ individuals)ii. Sabund= number of abundant species (10< individuals)iii. Cace= sample ACE= 1-(Fi-Srare)iv. Fi= Number of species that have exactly i individuals when all samples are pooledv. ace= Estimated coefficient of variation of the Fi for rare species(3) Factors Determining Diversity(a) Global Factors(i) Climate Variability1. Natual Cycles (El nino)Mars 3450 Should Know!!!Hollibaugh Probably good to knowExam 3/Final review guideNote: This is not all you need to know. 30% is old materiala. Temporary (generally)2. Global warming (climate change)a. Permanent, directional change; long-term effects on all marine organisms(ii) Glacial Extinction(iii) Anthropogenic Extinction(b) Local Factors(i) Predation1. Most competitive (= most abundant) are preferentially preyed on; relaxes competitiona. Aka: competively dominate species are most common prey(generally)2. Too intense: few species survive3. Intermediate predation intensity promotes diversity(ii) Disturbance1. Many different ecological states occur sequentially2. Relaxes competition3. Too intense: few can handle4. Intermediate disturbance promotes diversity(iii) Resource Availibity1. Limited critical resource results in fewer species2. Competitive ExclusionDominated by a few specialists (iv)Stress: Pollution, deleterious substances1. Natural and AnthropogenicMars 3450 Should Know!!!Hollibaugh Probably good to knowExam 3/Final review guideNote: This is not all you need to know. 30% is old material2. High concentrations will cause lowest diversitya. Tolerant species will thrive(v) Immigration and Invasion1. Immigration: natural expansion of species’ range2. Invasion: human-aided transport of species(very common)a. Ship travel: wooden ships slow but good substrates; modern ships very fast transitb. Ballast water: load empty ships with seawater for stability3. Ex: Perna viridis Invasioni. Native to tropical Indian and Pacific Oceansii. Introduced into St. Augustine in 2002iii. Possibly by ballast water or ship hull – more likely by restauranteursiv. No local predators(4) Patterns of Biodiversity(a) Diversity increases over geologic time(i) Atlantic Ocean vs Pacific Ocean(b) Increased Richness in lower latitudes(i) Rainforest have highest richness(c) Increased diversity in open sea vs coastal areas(5) Who cares and why care?(a) Medical Industries(i) Bioprospecting1. Marine species as potential sources of medicines and drugsMars 3450 Should Know!!!Hollibaugh Probably good to knowExam 3/Final review guideNote: This is not all you need to know. 30% is old material2. Bioprospecting in marine environments is several decades behind terrestrial3. Most are from soft-bodied invertebratesa. Sea squirtsb. Sea hare (shell-less gastropod)c. Sponges(b) Why is Biodiversity Important?(i) Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each