Timothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guide1. The Physical and Chemical Enviromenta. Oceans are 71% of Earth’s surfacei. 4 major1. Pacific Oceana. Area: 166 Km2b. Depth: 4,188 m2. Atlantic Oceana. Area: 87 Km2b. Depth: 3736 m 3. Indian Oceana. Area: 74 Km2b. Depth: 3,872 m 4. Artic Oceana. Area: 10 Km2b. Depth:1,330mii. Many Minor1. Mediterranean Sea2. Caribbean Sea3. Baltic Seaiii. “Southern Ocean”1. Location where the major basins connect in the southern Hemispherea.b. Ocean Bathymetryi. Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topographyc. Water: the magical miraclei. Important properties of water1. Thermala. High Heat Capacityb. High Latent heat of vaportization2. Mechanicala. Surface tensionTimothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guideb. Viscosity3. Densitya. Controls the vertical structure of the oceanb. Acts as a function of water salinity, temperature, and depth.i. Warm water is less dense than colder water1. Water temperature isn’t distributed uniformly due to stratificationii. Salt increase densityiii. Ocean Salinityii. Salt water CompositionTimothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guide1.2. Take Homea. 96.5% waterb. 3.5% salt (remember 35ppt)i. 55% is Clii. 30.6% is Naiii. 7.7% is SO4-2iv. Most elements are not evenly distributed through the water3. Dissolved Gasesa. Colder waters hold more dissolved contentsi. Polar regions have very oxygenated watersb.c.Timothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guided.e. Oxygen distribution at 200m f.Timothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guideiii. Carbon Dioxide (pH stabilizer)1.2. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO32H+ + CO32‐3. Seawater is slightly alkaline (7.5-8.4)a. Remove CO2 increase pHb. Add CO2 decrease pHd. Global currentsi. Driven by 2 sets of forces1. Temperature and density (Global thermohaline circulation)a.2. Aeolian derived (surface currents)Timothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guidea.i. Driven by 3 winds: trades, westerlies, and eastliesii.iii.b. Coriolis Effecti. Earth’s rotation applies an underlying forces1. In Northern hemisphere, it pushes right2. In Southern hemisphere, it pushes left.ii. Upwellings1. Water is pushed out and replaced by bottom watera. Makes nutrient rich watersTimothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guideiii. Ekman Spiral1. Consequence of Coriolis effect, where the top pushes the layers below it.\a.3. The Ocean Conveyor Belta.2. Marine Nutrient Cyclesa. Nutrients are those elements that are incorporated into biomass and can act as a limiting factori. Macronutrients1. C, H, N, O, P, Sii. Micronutrients1. Fe, Cu, Mo, Viii. Others 1. Na, K, Ca, Mgb. Redfield RatioTimothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guidei. Average Composition of Living BiomassPhytoplankton-based, does not include structuralcarbon (trees, seaweeds, skeletons e.g. corals)ii. 106CO2 + 16NO3 + HPO4 + 122H2O + 18H C106H263O120N16P1iii. 106C: 16N: 1Pc. Ecological Stoiciometryi. The general idea is that biomass (mostly plant)production requires that nutrients be supplied in optimal ratios, and departures from those ratios in the availability of nutrients have ecological consequences – slow growth, altered physiology, etc.ii. Based on principle that not all forms of nutrients elements are equally available1. They cycle between reservoirsa. Ex: Rocks, living biomass, detritus, dissolved in water, insoluble formsd. Phosphorus Cyclei. 106CO2 + 16NO3 + HPO4 + 122H2O + 18H C106H263O120N16P1ii. Phosphorus in cells is in ATP, DNA, RNA, and Phospholipidsiii. Generalized cycle1. Eutrophic zone: Fast loop 87%2. PO4 is taken up by phytoplankton which is then eaten by zooplankton.a. Reenters the PO4 by excretionsb. Enters system as DOP or POPi. Returns to PO4 by natural cyclesii. Sinks beneath pycnocline1. Buried in sediment2. Converted to PO4 then involved with an upwelling and pushed back to start.3. Pycnocline is a density gradient within the water a. Combo of thermocline and haloclineiv. Phosphurous has no gaseous stage and its major reservoir is in crustal rocke. Nitrogen cyclei. 106CO2 + 16NO3 + HPO4 + 122H2O + 18H C106H263O120N16P1ii. Nitrogen in cells is in Proteins, Chlorophyll, and nucleic acidsa. N2 undergoes nitrogen fixation by phytoplankton, which is eaten by zooplanktoni. Turns into NH4 through digestion and excretionii. Coverted to DON or PON1. Converts to NH4 through ammonification2. Sinks beneath pycnoclinea. Buried in sediment as PONb. Coverted to NH4, then NO3i. Migrates above pycnolcline by upwellingTimothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guideii. Converted to N2 and migrates back to atmosphere.iii. Nitrogen Transformationa. N2 fixationi. Atm N2NH4  organic Nii. Done by Lighting, nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants, and humansb. Nitrificationi. NH4  NO3ii. Is an aerobic process that is light-inhibitedc. Denitrificationi. NO3 or NO2  N21. Anoxic processiv. Major reservoir is in the air, unlike phosphorous 3. Primary Production and Photosynthesisa. Marine Versus Terrestial Biology/Ecologyi. General considerations for living in a marine systems1. Cella. Membrane needs to be water-tight and solute tight2. To live in 3Da. Make sure you have a density constant or control factor 3. flowa. High viscosity of water promotes go with flow styleb. Mixed by currets, tides, and aelonian forces.4. Niche Differentationa. Niche Spacei. Components that select 1 organism abilities over anotherii. The vast niche space in ocean promote species diversificationb. Competitive exclusion theoryi. Best adapted organism survies when competing for resources1. This doesn’t apply to ocean with such large homozygous systema. Not many factors to drive diversificationb. Photosynthesis and Primary Productioni. Photosynthesis:1. The physiological process of harvesting light energy and converting it into chemical energya. Photosynthesis provides the energy and reduced carbon required for the survival of virtually all lifeb. How does it happen?Timothy Montgomery9/17/2013MARS 3450Marine BiologyExam 1 study guidei. http://www.life.illinois.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html#10ii. CO2 + 2H2O + Light Energy --> CH2O + O2 + H2Oc. In a nut shelli. light energy (photons) interact with the resonance structure of an organic compound,