1) Pelagic Deep-Seag) Quiz2) Deep-sea benthosg) Quiz3) Kelp Enviromentsi) Quiz4) Shallow Waters EnvironmentMars 3450 Colors: KNOW, probably should know, extra Exam Two facts that’d are good for solidifying Study Guide understanding.10/27/20131) Pelagic Deep-Seaa) Definition:i) The marine environment that lies below the light level necessary for photosynthesis, exclusive to continental shelves.(1) Basically anything under the photic zone of the open ocean.b) Layers of the deep seai) Mesopleagic: Upper aphotic zone w/ light still present (200-1,00m)ii) Bathypelagic: No light present (1,000-4,000m)iii) Abyssalpelagic: No light present (4,000-6,000m)iv) Hadalpelagic: no light and deepest part (in the trenches>6,000m)c) Zonation of Oceani)ii) Continental shelf: area of photic activity and extends to slope(1) Neritic: shallow zone till the contnintal slope drop(2) Littoral zone: esposes in low tide (intertidal zone)iii) Continental slope: Sharp decline after the continental shelfiv) Abyssal Plain: Lower flat area under 4,000mv) Trenches: area of hadalpelagic under 6,000md) Pressure:i) As depth increases in ocean pressure rises(1) Pressure is measured in atmospheres (Atm) (1atm= 14.7psi)(2) Atm=1+Depth(m)/10(a) Ex: at 10 meters depths, the pressure is 2atm (1+10/10)e) Conditions to adapt to in deep oceani) Low/no lightii) Pressure(1) Decompression(2) Pressure effects on biochemistryiii) Temperature(1) Thermal shock(a) Mesopelagic (5oC)(b) Deeper (1-3oC)iv) Depleted oxygenMars 3450 Colors: KNOW, probably should know, extra Exam Two facts that’d are good for solidifying Study Guide understanding.10/27/2013(1) In the mesoplegaic, there is an oxygen minimum laye, which is 1/30th of the surface level concentrations (250-700m)(a) Lower Oxygen levels close to equator/ high in polar(i) Polar regions are well oxygenated due to cold water properties and upwellings, shallow shelf, andhigh turbulence(b)(2) Specialist?-->Vampire Squid(a) Extremely low mass-specific metabolic rate(b) Large Surface area across gilss(c) High content of hemacycanin( used to bind O2v) Food limitations(1) Deep sea is very limited in terms of energy available for transfer (food)(a) Most food drifts down from surface(2) What/how do they eat?(a) Small POC: particulate organic carbon sinks from above(i) Ex: Marine Snow, Fecal Pellets (poop), and exoskeletons.(b) 2) Large POC: dead organisms sink from above(c) 3) Vertical migrators: prey captured in the photic zone, predators return to the deep(i) Mesopelagic community)(d) 4) Life-stage migrators: early life stage feed in the photic zone, adults return to the deepMars 3450 Colors: KNOW, probably should know, extra Exam Two facts that’d are good for solidifying Study Guide understanding.10/27/2013f) Characterisitics of Deep sea Animalsi) Small(1) Reflects the absence of food(2) Fish only 10-20 cm in length(3) Invertebrates also small, but occasionally deep sea “gigantism”(a) Gigantism is used as predator avoidance(b) They have very low metabolism and are very slow in terms of speedii) Body color(1) Upper mesopelagic: transparent(2) Lower mesopelagic and deeper: silvery, black, red, purple(a) Cannot be seen in blue lightiii) Migration(1) Move into epipelagic at night, return at dawn(a) Zooplankton, nekton(2) Only from mesopelagic – not deep-seaiv) Bioluminescence(1) Emssion of visible light by living organisms (2) Pinnacle of marine environment adaptations(a) Specialized organs are called photopores(i) Light is produced by symbiotic bacteria normally.(3) Functions(a) Mating: attract mates with display(b) Counter-illumination: hide in the light(c) Defense: Startle predator or use as buglar alarm and “light them up”(d) Predation: use as lurev) Physiology:(1) Streamlining: Reduce shadow and save energy(a) Not present in non-migrating mesopelagic fishesMars 3450 Colors: KNOW, probably should know, extra Exam Two facts that’d are good for solidifying Study Guide understanding.10/27/2013(2) Eyes: Either enlarged (mesopelagic) or absent (bathypelagic and below)(a) Mesopelagic are very sensitive to light and have good lateral vision(3) Mouth: enlarged with hinged jaw and inward teeth (maximize consumption)(4) Swim Bladder: (a) Present in migrating mesopelagic fish(b) Absent in non-migrating mesopelagic fish and deeper (watery body, weak bones, muscles)(c) Energy intensive to maintain(i) Some use other methods to stay boyant 1. Vampire squids use ammonium to replace other ions2. Blobfish is just a gelatinious mass(5) Examples(a) Epipelagic(i)(b) MesopelagicMars 3450 Colors: KNOW, probably should know, extra Exam Two facts that’d are good for solidifying Study Guide understanding.10/27/2013(i)(ii)(c) Bathypelagic/ Abyssalpelagic(i)g) Quizi) What phylum is the deep-sea jelly shown? Ctenophora(1) What is your evidence? No polyp stage, lives in water columnii) If pressure in a full scuba tank is 160 atm, how deep(m) in the ocean would a diver have to go to so that the pressure is equal inside and out? (1590m)iii) What would happen to a full scuba tank dropped to the sea floor on the abyssal plain? It would implode due to huge pressure pushing in iv) If the amount of primary production in the epipelagic zone is 200gC/m2/yr, what would you expect the C flux to be at the seas floor(4,00m)? 2gC/M2/yr (bout 1%)v) What are two ways with which deep seas organisms use bioluminescneces?(1) Burgular alarm(2) Startle predatorsvi) What are the characteristics of a bathypelagic animal?(1) Large mouth, biolouminescencesMars 3450 Colors: KNOW, probably should know, extra Exam Two facts that’d are good for solidifying Study Guide understanding.10/27/20132) Deep-sea benthosa) Extensive robotic sampling the last 20yrs and we still barely understand it…b) Typical Conditionsi) Coldii) Darkiii) Oxygenatediv) Abundant inorganic nutrients(1) Little foodv) Soft-grained sediments(ooze)(1) Derived from forams and