GLY 102 Exam 1 Study guideReview:1. Plate Tectonicsa. What is a plate?- Large pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere consisting of continental and oceanic crustb. What are the three types of plates, stresses, general motion, & common rock types associated with each.- Convergent – Destructive/Collide (Igneous)(Metamorphic)(Sedimentary)- Divergent – Constructive/Apart- Transform – Slidingc. Plates and climate- Continental drifts alter air circulation- Generate volcanoes and increasing global temps2. Cloudsa. What role?- No clouds makes the temperature cooler due to releasing surface heat to space3. Rock Cyclea. How each type forms- Igneous – Solidification from magma (95% Earth’s crust)- Sedimentary – Cementation and compaction or chemical mechanisms from other rocks- Metamorphic – Heat and pressure of another rock4. Earth through timea. Be able to discuss the general change of life through earth’s history.- 1. Earth Forms roughly 4.6 Billion years- 2. Oxygen begins to build in atmosphere- 3. Continents begin to form- 4. Early life begins- 5. Global glaciation- 6. Cambrian life- 7. Land Animals- 8. Mass Extinction- 9. Age of Dinosaurs- 10. Mass extinction of dinosaurs- 11. First hominids- 12. Start of Ice Age- 13. Appearance of Homo sapiens5. Solar energy budget?a. Be able to discuss what happens to solar energy that approaches the earth.- Absorption of solar energy drives climate and weather- Shortwave Radiation – 47% radiated- Longwave Radiation – Clouds absorb most, then cycles to the earth6. Greenhouse effect?a. What would the planet be like without greenhouse gasses?- The Earth would be much cooler- Due to high reflectivity of sunlight w/o absorption of Greenhouse gassesb. Review how greenhouse gasses effect the temperatures on other planets.7. What is the difference between weather and climate?- Weather is a short period of temperature- Climate is a long period of pattern of temperatureb. What are the common climate metrics?- Geographic arrangement of continents- Amount of volcanic activity- Uplift of large mountain ranges- Solar Activity- Volcanism- Changes in atmospheric composition (Greenhouse effect)8. Know the structure of the atmosphere.a. Know the layers and the temperature gradients for each.b. Know why the temperatures behave the way they do.- Density - Chemical Composition- Movement- Thermal Characteristics9. Be able to describe the reason for the seasons.a. Know the relationship of the sun angles and the intensity of solar radiation.b. Understand how tilt and the changing position of the earth cause seasons.10. Climates at different locationsa. Be able to discuss the unequal heating of land vs. water.- Land get hotter, heats faster, cools faster, and gets colderb. Understand how the influence of land vs water effects the temperatures of cities in different locations.c. What affect does altitude, geography and cloud cover have on temperatures?11. Global warminga. What is global warming?- A theory that the Earth is progressively getting warmer as far as global temp.b. Roughly how many scientists think global warming is not real?- ~3%c. Why is it important to know the source behind where you get your information?d. What are some major effects of global warming?- Glaciers melt- Temperature over land and oceans rise- Sea Level rise- Fire- Drought- Storminesse. What influence if any does global warming have on hurricanes specifically?- Rising sea level and warm waterf. What might be some local impacts of Global Warming?- Flooding- Sea Level Rise- Record high temperaturesg. What are some long term and short term causes of climate change?Long Term- Geographic arrangement of continents- Amount of volcanic activity- Uplift in mountain ranges- Sea floor spreading Short Term- Changes in atmospheric composition- Solar activity - Orbital parameter of the Earth around the sun- Volcanism12. What is the composition of dry air?- Nitrogen – 78%- Oxygen – 21%- Argon etc .93%- CO2 - .037%13. What are the variable components of dry air?- Water Vapor (4% of air’s volume)- Absorbs heat energy from Earth14. What is ozone, how does it form, what are the benefits, what are the issues, and how does itbreak down?- Forms from three Oxygen molecules- Absorbs incoming UV radiation- Harmful to health- Breaks down from CFC and HCFC15. Why do volcanoes erupt?- Due to magma density relative to the surrounding rocks- H2O , CO2 , SO2 are major gases during eruptions16. What effects temperatures more when it comes to volcanoes?17. Can climate change effect volcanic eruptions?18. What are some direct and indirect effects of air pollution on climate change?Direct Effects- Some absorption by aerosol- Pollution can cool the planetIndirect effects- Aerosols reflect solar radiation19. What is global dimming?- Cooling from pollution- Human aerosols cooled the climate20. Why do pollutants collect over the poles?- Chemical breakdown is favored by cold air- Isolated air21. Why did ozone holes form over the poles?- Most of the chemical breakdown rise towards the poles and sit there22. What are some results of the ozone layer thinning?23. How would life be different if the Arctic ozone hole were the size of the Antarctic ozone hole?24. What is happening with the ozone hole now and what are the predictions for the