Law Enforcement 09 12 2013 1 History a English Heritage b Local Control of law enforcement c Decentralize Police Force 2 3 Origins of the Modern Police a Robert Peel 1829 i FIRST ESTABLISHMENT OF A POLICE DEPARTMENT ii Every officer should be issued a badge number so they can be responsible for their movements iii Police should be measured on the lack of crime iv Trust and accountability are paramount 1 Police are the public and the public are the police v Preventive Control 4 5 Colonial America a Sheriff most important i Appointed by governor ii Tax collections iii Election Supervision iv Maintaining bridges and roads v Corrupt vi Political Interference b Constable i Enforcing law ii Appointed c Watch i Modern police ii Night duty iii Responsible for putting out fires iv Unpaid v Corrupt vi Political interference d Highly reactive instead of proactive 6 7 NYPD 1845 a Created because of riots b First police force 8 9 Eras a Political Era i Inefficiency corruption lack of standards ii Very little training iii Easy to get in iv Lack of technology supervision and sense of duty v Jobs were bought vi Handed a badge baton and a book of rules vii Job security very low b Professional Era i 1900 1960s ii Technology revolution professionalism new agencies iii Patrol car two way radio telephone iv Augusta Bollmer Professionalism 1 Established Education Standards 2 More efficient departments 3 Made officers think their job is a career 4 Demanded for higher salary v OW Wilson 1 Wrote first criminal justice textbook 2 Texas rangers vi Hoover 1 FBI developed vii Era of 1 Known for the supreme court civil rights and research 2 4 court cases a Miranda v Arizona b Mapp v Ohio c Katz v US d Terry v Ohio 3 Kerner Commission Changing Police Officer Profiling and Discrimination 4 Kansas City Prevention Experiment a Divided KC into 4 quadrants b No effect on crime depending on patrol 5 Wilkins v Maryland a Pulled over by police b Harvard professor c Asked to search car he refuses d Cop searches anyway 10 11 Police Role a What they do i Calls for service ii Enforce iii Public figure iv Keep order b How will the news media and popular media characterize it i Intimidating ii Bad ass fighters c Police Role is incredibly complex i Police functioning is imbedded within the CJ System ii Studies of call logs 1 75 of all calls are unrelated to crime iii Impact of service schedule 1 24 7 365 available iv Police and social control 1 3 types SC a Private i Primary and basic ii Family and friends b Parochial i Community organizations ii Church c Public i Governmental organizations ii Police v Wilson s Stile of Policing 1 3 different types a Watchmen style i Concerned with order maintenance ii Police are encouraged to overlook the little things iii Offense severity is based heavily upon circumstances iv b Legalistic Style i Focused on law enforcement ii One single community standard iii Law maintains standards c Service Style i Similar to watchmen style ii Officers estimate market for service iii Found in homogenous neighborhoods d Becker s Rule Enforcers i When new laws are created new agencies and officials are established ii Enforcers may not be interested in the content of the rule as such but only in the fact that the existence of the rule provides them with a job iii Balancing between proving effectiveness and proving necessity of effort iv If crime would cease to exist would the police as well 12 13 14 Internal and external organization a Industry perspective i Police is like any other industry b Size and scope c Fragmented and decentralization i Lack of coordination between agencies ii Crime displacement 1 Crack down on one area crime moves to another area Federal Agencies a Municipal police i 71 of all agencies ii Biggest agency obviously b Sheriff i 2 exceptions Rhode Island Hawaii no sheriffs ii Responsible with all 3 components of CJ system c Other locals i Corner medical examiner ii Special district police iii State police iv Tribal police d Federal i Greatly impacted from 9 11 ii Creation of 2 departments 1 Department of Homeland Security 2002 a Customs and Border Patrol b Immigration and Custom Enforcement c Transportation Security Admission d Secret Service i Counterfeiting e Department of Justice i DEA ii FBI iii ATF iv US Marshals f Strategies i Patrol 1 Backbone of policing 2 3 functions a Deter Crime b Enhance feelings of public safety c Make officers available for service 15 16 3 Emphasizes efficiency Aspects of Patrol a Response Time i 4 different types 1 Discovery time 2 Reporting time 3 Processing time 4 Travel time b Officer use of patrol time i Spend 20 of their time interacting with citizens ii Evaluation a 09 12 2013 09 12 2013