8 29 13 Notes Intro to CJ Explaining Crime and Criminal Behavior Development of Criminology o Seeks to answer the basic question of why someone would commit a crime o Biological vs Psychological o No one theory to what causes crime Major Theoretical Perspectives o Non Scientific Theories Superstition Stereotypes Fear of Strangers Authority Ex Salem Witch Trials o 4 Main Perspectives Classical School Crime is a matter of choice Cesare Becaria o Based on pain pleasure principle o Avoid pain seek pleasure o Swift certain and proportional with the crime o Didn t like the death penalty because of uncertainty no real proof Jeremy Bentham o Different punishments for different people like children adult Neoclassical o Felicific Calculus Works like pleasure pain princ 7 dimensions Intensity Duration Certainty Propinquity remoteness Opposite of purity look up in book Purity Extent 8 29 13 Notes Intro to CJ Explaining Crime and Criminal Behavior Biological Theories Origins Darwin o Crime is inherited Dugdale Goddard o Dugdale studies family tree o Believes it s passed down o Goddard compares 2 different trees o Both of their theories didn t last long Lombroso o Criminals were not fully developed o Based on biological features o Father of criminology o Positive school Biological factor causing crime Identifying hormones that could cause someone to commit a Crime Psychology Theories Freud o Tapping into ppl s sub conscience o Dreams is the gateway to sub conscience o Psychoanalytical theory Id Biological drives and urges Super ego Moral Compass Ego 8 29 13 Notes Intro to CJ Explaining Crime and Criminal Behavior Conscience Seeks to balance between id and superego Insanity plea o Severe mental illness should not be punished because they would not appreciate why they re punished Profiling o Looking at his past o They believe they are a hit or miss o Waste of time Rehabilitation o Use psychology to help them address issues Sociology Theories Conflict Theory o The power elite exploit the less powerful and use the CJ system to their own advantage o Based on the work by Marx Labeling o Everyone commits crime o Only explain 2nd theory deviance Label hasn t been applied yet o Deviant behavior is a product of labels Could set them up for failure Social Control o Focuses on why individuals conform not why individuals commit crime Laws Restraints o Social Bonds theory Interaction with others Hirschi Detachment 8 29 13 Notes Intro to CJ Explaining Crime and Criminal Behavior Commitment Involvement Belief The more you re involved with the less time you have to commit a crime o Stakes in Conformity Toby Jeopardizes future The more we have invested the less we are to jeopardize that Less to lose more reason to commit a crime o Self control theory Gottfredson and Hirschi High self control less crime vice versa At age 12 our level of self control is established Failed socializations Well supported theory Muscle model self control Control like a muscle Train it to be strong Cultural Deviance o Subcultural values are more influential than are the norms and laws of the larger social group o Cohen s reaction formation o Sellin s culture conflicts o Anderson s Code of the Street In order to get respect you take it Masculinity o Key people Park and Burgess Shaw and McKay Racial and ethnicity impact Zones o Impact of high population o Family disruption o Most economic deprivation 8 29 13 Notes Intro to CJ Explaining Crime and Criminal Behavior o All combined creates a lot of crime o Doesn t hold up well today Learning theories o Delinquency is like any other learned behavior o Must be reinforced o Modeling behavior o See others doing it o Social o Sutherland and Differential Association 9 major propositions Interaction Criminals are different o Akers and Social Learning Theory Reinforcement both positive and negative Positive reward Negative remove the negative stimulus Peer pressure Strain theory o The American Dream o Commit crime because they have to adapt o Conformist Accept goal accept mean o Innovator Accept reject o Ritualist Reject accept o Retreatist Reject reject o Rebel Creates new goal creates new goal Neutralization theory o How people can cope with doing something delinquent o 5 Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of victim Justified if victim deserves it Condination of condemners 8 29 13 Notes Intro to CJ Explaining Crime and Criminal Behavior Being a hypocrite Appeal to higher loyalties Do it for a just reason Food for family