Arthropod(Classifica0on:(Five(subphyla(1.(Trilobitomorpha( 3.#Cheliceriformes#2.#Crustacea#5.#Hexapoda#4.#Myriapoda#1Cheliceriformes(Class(Chelicerata((subclass(Merostoma(((order(Eurypterida(((((Water ( scorpions)(((order(Xiphosura((((((((Horse shoe (crabs)((subclass(Arachnida(((order(Scorpiones((((order(Uropygi(((order(Amblypygi(((order(Araneae((Spiders)(((order(Opiliones(((order(Acari((0cks(and(mites)(((order(Solpugidae((Class(Pygnogonida((Sea(spiders)(2Class(Insecta(Apterygota:((wingless)(Pterygota:(((winged)(Paleoptera:(Neoptera:(Silverfish((((((((Bristletails(Mayflies(Dragonflies(Damselflies(Endopterygota(((Holometabolous)(Exopterygota(((Hemimetabolous)(Complete(Metamorphosis(Incomplete((Metamorphosis(3Exopterygota:( Endopterygota:(Wings(develop(externally( Wings(develop(internally(Juvenile((nymph)(and(adult(look((similar(Juvenile((larvae)(and(adult((very(different(Pupal(stage(4Roles in ecosystem: 1 Nutrient recycling of leaf litter, wood, carrion, dung, soil turnover. 2 Plant propagations 3 Maintenance of plant community structure through phytophagy 4 Sources of food for animals 5 Maintenance of animal community structure -> predation, parasitism Importance of arthropods 5Importance of arthropods Ways in which arthropods are damaging: Damage crops directly Transmit plant viruses Destroy products in storage (particularly grains) Damage wooded structures ($5 billion cost in US) 6Human health and disease: Malaria: 630,000 deaths /250,000,000 cases/ 3.3 billion at risk Yellow fever: 30,000 deaths/ 200,000 cases Dengue fever: 80,000,000 infections yearly (25,000 deaths) Sleeping Sickness: 300,000-500,000 cases (if untreated 100% mortality) Visceral Leishmaniasis: 500,000 new cases (mortality rate 75-95% if untreated). River Blindness: 42,000,000 infected 600,000 blind Chagas: 8,000,000 cases Plague: 1340’s 75,000,000 deaths West Nile: 2,873 cases of encephalitis, 286 deaths (2012) 7Questionnaire 2C 83 The Arthropod Body Plan Exoskeleton Molting Segmented body Paired Segmented appendages Open circulatory system Compound eyes Some characteristics: 9The exoskeleton - Support - Protective armor - Prevents water loss 10Structure Cuticle 11Structure Cuticle Epicuticle; Wax, cement layer -> waterproofing, color Exocuticle: sclerotized -> protection, support Endocuticle: Soft, pliable -> flexibility were needed (joints) Epidermis: Secretes the cuticle 12Honey pot ant Endocuticle Exocuticle 13Limitations of the Exoskeleton 14Limitations of the Exoskeleton 15Limitations of the Exoskeleton 16Limitations of the Exoskeleton 17Segmentation Tagmosis: Fusion of segments to create new functional units 18Segmentation Mesothelae Modern spiders 19Variation in limbs 20Appendages in arthropods evolved into wide variety of structures Mutant Drosophila Normal Drosophila 21The insect mouthparts 2223Jointed appendages 24The nervous system 25Generalized(layout(of(respiratory(system:(spiracles(main(trachea((longitudinal(trunk)(26Generalized(layout(of(respiratory(system:(spiracles(27Generalized(layout(of(respiratory(system:(spiracle(body(wall(muscle(fibers(tracheoles(main(trachea((longitudinal(trunk)(28Respiration Size limitation: Oxygen can not reach very far into body by passive diffusion This large dragonfly lived at a time when oxygen pressure was much higher in the earths atmosphere 29PaVern(of(circula0on(wing#heart#dorsal#&#ventral#septa#nerve#cord#heart#ganglion#leg#extension#of#ventral#septum#leg#dorsal#vessel#(aorta)#leg#ampulla#antenna#haemocoel Heart#with#oneBway#valve#of#osCum#The#haemolymph#transports:#Nutrients#Hormones#Immune#cells#/proteins#Waste#products##30Alimentary Canal Foregut: Ingestion, Transport Storage (sometimes) Mechanical digestion (sometimes) Midgut: Enzyme production Chemical digestion Absorption Hindgut: Water re-absorption 31Excretion 32Sensory Perception: Bristles or Setae: Touch Chemical perception (Taste) Smell : Antennae, palps 33Sensory Perception: sound/vibrations Mechanoreceptors: Subgenual organs Johnstons’ organ Tympanal organ 34Vision c.#Ocelli:#Damselfly#Jumping#spider#ocellus 35Vision#d.#Compound#eyes:#36Insect wings Direct Flight Muscles Indirect Flight Muscles Hinge 37Insect wings Some modifications halteres 38Bees and wasps: Both wings function as a single unit 39Global(Public(Health(Entomology((Lecture(3:#Allergens,(Venoms(and(Poisons(40What(is(an(allergic(reac0on?(A(rela0vely(harmless(substance((allergen)(elicits(an(out\of\propor0on(reac0on(of (the(immune(system(41Types(of(allergic(reac0ons(1)(Local(allergic(reac0ons:(((((((Where(the(allergen(makes(contact(with(body(:((((((lung,(nose,(skin((e.g.(house(dust(allergy,(mosquito(((((((((((bite)(((2)(Large(local(reac0ons:((((((O_en(peak(12(hours(a_er(exposure((((((Can(be(strong(enough(to(constrict(blood(vessels(or((((((((nerves(to(extremi0es(((((These(may(last(as(long(as(10(days((42#3)(Systemic(allergic(reac0ons((anaphylax is):(((((((More(likely(to(occur(when(allergen(reaches(blood(or(lymph(and((((((((spreads(through(body((à ((((((Most(extreme(case:(anaphylac0c(shock(###Type(of(allergic(reac0ons(cont’d((These(are(most(o_en(caused(by(wasp,(bee(and(ant(s0ngs(If(you(have(a(systemic(reac0on(you(are(at(risk(for(developing(anaphylac0c(shock(next(0me(you(are(stung(Dangerously(low(blood(pressure(and(constric0on(of(bronchia(43Signs(and(symptoms(of(anaphylaxis(General:((( (((((Apprehension,(uneasiness,(weakness((Cutaneous: (((((Redness,(Itching,(Rash,(Swelling((Gastrointes0nal:(((((Abdominal(cramps,(vomi0ng,(Diarrhea((Genito\urinary: (((((Urinary(or(fecal(incon0nence((Respiratory: (((((Chest(0ghtness,(Wheezing,(trouble( ( ((((((((((((((breathing(((Cardiovascular:((((((((Dizziness,(lightheadedness,((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((low(blood(pressure(((44• (A(systemic(r eac0 on(usually(begins(with(a((((((widespread(rash(or(swelling((• (In(the(extreme(case(a((severe(allergic(reac0on((((((can(cause(death(by(anaphylac0c(shock(within(10\(((15(minutes(((20\30(minutes(is(more(common)(Signs(and(symptoms(of(anaphylaxis((Cont’d(45Management(of(allergic(reac0ons:((Local(reac0on:# #############An0histamines(and(topical(cor0costeroids((#Severe(local(reac0on:####An0\histamines;(Systemic(steroids;( (