Males vs. Females Male 1"Mosquitoes Classification 1.Toxorynchitinae Order: Diptera Family: Culicidae 2. Anophelinae 3. Culicinae !• Around 3,400 species described !• 42 genera !• 3 subfamilies 2"Summary difference between Anophelines and Culicines 3"2. Anophelinae Human malaria (30-40 species transmit most of it) Lymphatic Fileriasis Arboviruses Not considered major nuisance species !• !3 genera: Anopheles, Chagasi, Bironella • 473 species described • All females blood feed • Only Anopheles species transmits human malaria! Clean, unpolluted water Various habitats; salt water marshes (e.g. An. melas, An. merus), Temporary pools, Rice Fields, Grassy ditches, Edges of stream, open sunlit pools 4"3. Culicinae Yellow fever Dengue Fever Other Arboviruses Fileriasis !• 38 genera • 2750 species • Important genera: Aedes Culex Mansonia Haemagogus Sabethes 5"Culex Egg raft !• Eggs are laid in wide variety of habitats • Pools, puddles, ditches, borrow pits, rice fields !e.g., Culex quinquefasciatus: -> important West Nile Vector !(southern!house!mosquito)!• Breeds in water with high organic content e.g., pit latrines, blocked drains and ditches 6"Aedes !• Some species with very wide distribution • Breed in: Marshes Ground pools Snow melt pools • Some species breed in container habitats: (mainly tropical species) tree holes, plant axils etc. • Eggs can withstand desiccation (up to several months) !7"Tiger mosquito: !• First introduced in US in early 1980’s, through used tire trade with Japan and Taiwan!!• !Introduced through Houston, the tire recapping capital of the world (1985) Aedes albopictus: Aedes aegypti Aedes aegypti has virtually disappeared from US since introduction of Aedes albopictus. 8"Lecture!7!Public!Health!Entomology!Mosquitoes!and!the!diseases!they!transmit:!Malaria"I"9"Malaria! - One!of!the!world’s!most!devastaBng!!! !infecBous!disease: ! !!!• 300!million!cases!each!year!(120!million!new)!• 1.5!I!2.7!million!deaths!yearly!unBll!recently!• (2008)!860,000!deaths!• (2012)!670,000!deaths!!– Africa!is!worst!affected!• 90%!of!deaths!• 25%!of!total!child!mortality!in!Africa!is!due!to!malaria!• Costs!>$2!billion!annually!in!control!(inadequate!amount)!– Major!control!efforts!(1950s!–!70s)!reduced!world!exposure!from!64%!to!38%!– Exposure!rates!increased!between!1970!and!2000!be c ause!of!!• Lack!of!interest!in!malaria!control!• Mosquito!resistance!to!insecBcides!• Parasite!resistance!to!anBImalarial!drugs!• Civil!unrest!in!many!African!countries!disrupBng!control!10"How!many!species!of!Plasmodium!are!there?!Sandflies!Culicoides!midge!!• !>!120!!• !Plasmodium!infects:!birds,!mammals,!repBles!!• !Species!are!transmi]ed!by:!!Anopheline,0Culicine0mosquitoes,!!00Phlebotomine!sandflies,Culicoides!midges!Human!malaria!is!only!transmi]ed!!by!Anopheles!mosquitoes!11"Human!malaria!!• !Mainly!transmi]ed!by!30I40!species!of!Anopheles00000000mosquitoes!!5!species:!!• !Plasmodium0falciparum0!• !Plasmodium0vivax0!• !Plasmodium0ovale0!• !Plasmodium0malariae00• 0Plasmodium0knowlesi00!!(primarily!a!monkey!!!!!!!!malaria)0!Most"important"vector"in"Africa:"Anopheles)gambiae)(but)also)Anopheles)arabiensis)+)Anopheles)funestus)"Dominant"in"Africa"(Malignant"malaria)"80D90%"of"cases"are"found"in"Asia"Of"relaIvely"minor"importance"(“Benign”"malaria)"12"The!Plasmodium0Life!Cycle:!the!vertebrate!stage!ur ruaudora^ap arrser d (o:rsoq olmbsou ur rueudora^ap alrser'd ,", ,:-,t"ff:?r;t"[fi'*^;"T,*:i:it::l::HXa;;ozoqdorl -.:;@3us tg '-@ _d @,'^#,TiH:\v -rIFdrt\spuqE,ftu,q;usvtt*L-@,r:i: .d, eltco'rq1'{'ro @ tI puBrrdtd i{ \/.Jliil elrcoleruei" 6 @(suuu.rop) \ Ialsozoudiq \/rt6\0\ 9j,'! f ""1fl1",,H:;il': H In/oreuuoo n*\ s s.x(--- sJo uollBzlll|JaJt\.\&ynfin\3Z6L13"The!Plasmodium0Life!Cycle:!the!Mosquito!Stage!salrozolods sssearar rlenlu-ana a*sered "ril:'i:i,;ilffi?ir,,JiH,$'J,":f.,fi:iJ:nT""fi:::{ffiliTlffi::rar{l sasra^e4 lPql alauDloo alqour e w llnsar se8ueqr plueurdofaaap rnqu.rg 'a1c A) e ruro, ol 1r11"r'"1"*"j salaueg-orJ u az{rlral lPqt (sllar alPru) salarueSorrlru saspelar 1nB olrnhsour aql'.rJ "1l"o1",rrB3oprw "ql jo "ou"lngiegxa ur-paalpoolq apqa'r safcolawe8 aleura; pue aleru amleru Jo uorlsa8ur sur,moilog .oynbsoru og1 ur sa8ueqc aarlerqdrllnupue leluarudola^aP qloq sao8rapun altsured prreleru aqr'(rolra^) lroq olirrbro* aql ur apdr aJrl euel l/{ .y.tr arn3rgsalfJoleueSTuorlulJeSugxespuu13 flualpsur selrozo.rodsrrro{ solrozoJodssafrozoJods_\ I1\l\r \tuollBz!ltftoJaleuploo7 nqdaq3t6LOocysts Ookinete Sporozoite 14"Malaria!vectors!around!the!world!For"effecIve"malaria"control,"detailed"informaIon"is"needed"on"the"main"vectors"for"each"area."Anopheles gambiae is considered the most important African malaria mosquito 15"Malaria"Symptoms:"A) Chills"B) Sweats"C) Headach e"D) Convalesence"E) Nausea,"vomiIng,"diarrhea"F) Anemia"G) Muscle,"joint"and"back"pain"H) Enlarged"spleen"I) Dry"cough"Can"vary"considerably"from"paIent"to"paIent"Kidney"Failure"(Black"water"fever)","Brain"damage,"Coma,"Death"In"serious"cases"(Plasmodium"falciparum)"4D6"hours"16"Pathogenesis:!!D !Burst!Red!Blood!Cells!and!parasite!anBgens!in!blood!iniBate!host!!!!immune!and!inflammatory!response!(chills!and!fever)!!I!Anemia!due!to!loss!of!large!#!of!RBCs!!!I!Autoimmune!response!can!lead!to!breakdown!of!infected!!!!and!uninfected!Red!Blood!Cells!!I!During!infecBon!parasites!produce!hemozoin!as!a!waste!!!!product!I>!Iron!bound!in!hemozoin!cannot!be!reused.!!!!!!!!!Host!phagocytes!pick!it!up!and!deposit!it!in!!!!!reBculoendothelial!system!(liver,!spleen!and!also!brain)!!!!!!!!!Tissues!can!become!dark!from!hemozoin!deposit!!I!Small!veins!can!become!blocked!by!“sBcky”!red!blood!!!!!!!cells!I>!organ!failure!17"P.!falciparum.!Malignant!terBan!malaria!!I!Time!unBl!symptoms!appear!9I14!days!!D !Most!virulent!form.!Second!greatest!killer!of!humans!in !!!!!!!!the!tropics!(aeer!HIV)!!I!Only!one!liver!schizont!stage,!no!relapse!D !Merozoites!invade!RBCs!of!all!ages.!Parasitemia!very!high!!D !48!hour!fever!cycle!but!not!as!synchronized!as!!!!!Plasmodium!vivax!!Death!mostly!from!cerebral!malaria!or!kidney!failure!Small veins to brain become blocked -> can lead to swelling and damage, associated with changes in mental status and coma: