ENTO%210)Exam)1)Review)Kevin&C.&D eitz&&&Zach&Popkin5Hall&Tuesday,&September&29th,&2015&Outline:&• Arthropod&EvoluKon&&&Impact&on&Society&• Arthropod&Morphology&&&Physiology&• Arthropods&With&Venomous&Bites&or&SKngs&• The&EvoluKon&of&Pathogen&(Disease)&Virulence&• Dynamics&of&Vector5Borne&Diseases&• The&EvoluKon&of&(Blood&Feeding)&• Mosquito&biology&• Malaria&• Malaria&Transmission&&&Acquired&Immunity&• Malaria&Control&Arthropod&EvoluKon&&&Impact&on&Society&Roles&in&ecosystem:&&&1&Nutrient&recycling&of&leaf&liYer,&wood,&carrion,&dung,&soil&turnover.&&2&Plant&propagaKon&3&Maintenance&of&plant&community&structure&through&&&&&&&&phytophagy&4&Sources&of&food&for&animals&5&Maintenance&of&animal&community&structure&&&5>&predaKon,&parasiKsm&Importance&of&arthropods&Human&health&and&disease:&Malaria:&1,000,000&deaths&/250,000,000&cases/&3.3&billion&at&risk &&Yellow&fever:&30,000&deaths/&200,000&cases&Dengue&fever:&80,000,000&infecKons&yearly&(25,000&deaths)&Sleeping&Sickness:&300,0005500,000&cases&(if&untreated&100%& & &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&mortality)&Visceral&Leishmaniasis:&500,000&new&cases&(mortality&rate&75595%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&if&untreated).&River&Blindness:&42,000,000&infected&&&&&600,000&blind &&Chagas:&8,000,000&cases&Plague:&1340’s&75,000,000&deaths&&West&Nile:&1227&cases&of&encephalites,&117&deaths&(2007)&Origin)of)Arthropods)• &Cambrian)explosion)(Approx.)530)million)years)ago))• )Rapid)appearance)of)most)major)groups)of))))complex)animals,)including)arthropods)Burgess&Shale,&Yoho&NaKonal&Park&Phylum:)Arthropoda)Five)subphyla:)1.)Trilobitomorpha& 3.)Chelicerata)2.)Crustacea)5.)Hexapoda)4.)Myriapoda)While&classifying&arthropods,&remember&the&mnemonic:&&King&Phylip&Came&Over&For&Good&Soup&Subphylum)Chelicerata)&Class)Merostoma)))order)Eurypterida))))(Water)scorpions))))order)Xiphosura)))))))(Horseshoe)crabs)))Class)Arachnida)))order)Scorpiones))))order)Uropygi)))order)Amblypygi)))order)Araneae)(Spiders))))order)Opiliones)))order)Acari)(Tcks)and)mites))))order)Solpugidae))Class)Pygnogonida)(Sea)spiders))Subphylum&Hexapoda&Class&Parainsecta&Class&Entognatha&Diplura&Class&Insecta&Protura&Collembola&Class&Insecta&Apterygota:&(wingless)&Pterygota:&&(winged)&Paleoptera:&Neoptera:&Silverfish&&&&&&&&&&&&Bristletails&Mayflies&Dragonflies&Damselflies&Endopterygota&Exopterygota&(Complete&Metamorphosis)&(Incomplete&Metamorphosis)&Subclass&Exopterygota:& Subclass&Endopterygota:&Wings&develop&internally&Wings&develop&externally&Juvenile&(nymph)&and&adu lt&l ook&&Similar&Have&similar&life&histories&Juvenile&(larvae)&and&adult&&very&different&Pupal&stage&Hemimetabolous & &&&&Holometabolous&(Incomplete&Metamorphosis)&(Complete&Metamorphosis)&Exopterygota:&Endopterygota:&Major&Orders:& Major&Orders:&BuYerflies&Flies/Mosquitoes&Lacewings/Antlions&Dobsonflies&Scorpionflies&Beetles&Wasp/Bees/Ants&Fleas&Caddisflies&BiKng/Sucking&Lice&&&&&True&Bugs/Cicadas &&Thrips & &&ManKds& &&Cockroaches&&Termites&SKck&insects&Grasshoppers&Earwigs&Webspinners&Stoneflies&&&&&&Arthropod&Morphology&&&Physiol ogy&The&Arthropo d&Bod y&Plan&Exoskeleton&Paired&Segmented&appendages&(6&legs&in&Class&Insecta)&Segmented&body&(loss&or&fusion&of&segments&through&tagmosis)&Open&circulatory&system&EvoluKon&of&molKng&Compound&eyes&Tagmosis&General&Insect&Anatomy&CuKcle&Structure&&EpicuKcle;&Wax,&cement&layer&5>&waterproofing,&color&ExocuKcle:&scleroKzed&5>&protecKon,&support&EndocuKcle:&Soo,&pliable&5>&flexibility&were&needed&(joints)&Epidermis:&&Secretes&the&cuKcle&The&insect&mouthparts&Respiratory&system,&generalized&layout:&spiracles&main&trachea&(longitudinal&trunk)&DigesKon:&Alimentary&Canal&Foregut:&IngesKon,&&&&Transport&&&Storage&(someKmes)&))Mechanical)digesTon)Midgut:&Enzyme&producKon&)Chemical)digesTon)&AbsorpKon&Hindgut:&Water)re%absorpTon)wing&heart&dorsal&&&ventral&septa&nerve&cord&heart&ganglion&leg&extension&of&ventral&septum&leg&dorsal&vessel&(aorta)&leg&ampulla&antenna&haemocoel Heart&with&one5way&valve&of&osKum&The&haemolymph&transports:&Nutrients&Hormones&Immune&cells&/proteins&Waste&products&PaVern)of)circulaTon)ExcreKon&Sensory&PercepKon:&Bristles&or&Setae: & &&&Touch&&Chemical&percepKon&(Taste)&Smell&:&Antennae,&palps&Sensory&PercepKon:&Mechanoreceptors:&Subgenual&organ s&–&vib raKons&in&substrate&Johnston’s&organ&&–&vibraKons&in&air,&found&on&mosquitoes&at&&base&of&antennae&Tympanal&organ&&–&vibraKons&in&air&Subgenual&organs&Compound&Eye&Made&of&many&ommaKdium&Ocellus&Stemmata&Dermal&DetecKon&DetecKon&of&light&through&the&cuKcle.&We&don’t&know&how&they&do&it!&ReproducKve&organs:&Females&External&& Internal&Chrysopidae&eggs& Venom&glan d&ReproducKve&organs:&Males&External&Internal&Insect wings Direct Flight Muscles Indirect Flight Muscles Hinge Neoptera&Paleoptera&Arthropods&With&Venomous&Bites&or&SKngs&Spider)Bites)Class)Arachnida,)Order)Araneae))• )36,000)species,)all)but)one)family)are)))venomous)• )Only)a)few)dozen)produce)medically)))))significant)bites)in)humans.)• )In)US:)three)groups)of))))problemaTc)spiders:)1 .)Brown)Recluse))2 .)Widow)spiders)3 .)Hobo)spiders)(?))Recluse)spider)(Violin)spiders))Brown)recluse)or))fiddleback)spider))DistribuTon)• )13)species)in)the)US)that)can)produce))))necroTc)lesions)• ))Brown)recluse)is)most)problemaTc)• )Venom)is)necroTc,)not)neurologic)• )Symptoms)can)vary)from:))1.)no)reacTon)2.)mild,)red)wound)3.)necroTc)lesion)• Very)docile,)bites)almost)always)occur:)1.)during)sleep)2.)inside)clothing)• )Systemic)reacTons)are)exceedingly)rare)How&to&recognize&on