Microbiology Notes Exam 4Need to know for each disease:- causative microbe/etiologic agent- signs and symptoms- route of transmission (how it moves from place to place)-may involve a vector (mosquitos, tics). You will need to know reservoir if there is a vector. - prevention or treatment for SOME of the diseases he givesmonkeys give diseases to other monkeys via mosquitos. Transmit YELLO FEVER17 D Yellow Fever is a vaccine that prevents yellow feverSkin diseases:Acne- Where there is an excess of sebum in pores- Propionibacterium acne grows on skin during puberty - Treated with tetracyclineImpetigo- Skin peels and flakes off- Transmitted by direct contact or by fomites (inanimate objects like shirt, cloth)- Bacteria involved with this disease are Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyrogenes (caused by one or the other. Unusual if both infect at same time. If they both infect at same time it’s a polyclonas)Gas Gangrene- Caused by Clostridium perfringens - Occurs when there is a deep wound and circulation is cut off from that wound and spores of the clostridium get in the wound. Spores germinate and bacteria begins to grow- Bacteria produces a toxin, causes death of neighboring cells. Result is that you don’t get circulation to the area- Try to use antibiotic to treat disease but it typically doesn’t get to the area where bacteria is grown - Treatment is amputation. Remove limb - Strict anaerobe so there is another treatment, you put person in a hyperbaric oxygen but it typically results in death. Smallpox- Caused by smallpox virus aka variola- Only human disease that has been totally eliminated- Absolutely ZERO cases- Vials are kept at centers in Atlanta and Russia for lab uses only - Would be disastrous if it ever came about - Disease spreads from person to person. Symptoms are flu-like- With vaccine, Mortality rate used to be a 30%. 10 children died a year from the vaccine. 1000 people total have died from the vaccine, so we don’t give it anymore. - Military still get the vaccine. - Rinderpest is the only animal disease we have eliminated. It is in cattle Chicken pox- Caused by herpes virus aka varicella-zoster it gets in nerve cells and becomes dormant. Residual virus in the body associated with nerve cells- Vesicles get itchy. You want to scratch them. They may scar- Clear fluid is also in the vesicle.- Individuals are very contagious if open vesicles.- 0 fatality- virus can become reactivated and cause shingles. Is preventable with vaccineMeasles- koplic spots- raised, red and white spots that develop in throat. (prior to rash developing by the body)- transmitted by the air and is highly contagious - can spread to the brain and cause scarring which can be fatal- we thought one dose would be life long immunity but we were wrong. - Required booster vaccines to ensure you remember the vaccine. - Animestic response mode. - Don’t vaccinate prior to one year old, they can get brain infection and die- Was thought to cause autism. Continues to be that way but it is not the cause. 600 cases last year, when the year before that was 0- MMR vaccine- measles-mumps-rubella, this is the vaccine we use to prevent measles, mumps, and rubellawill transmit to a newborn Scarlet Fever- Gets in respiratory tract and causes pharyngitis of tract. You think it’s a sore throat- Caused by streptococcus - No vaccine. Use antibiotics to treatWarts- Genital warts lead to cervical cancer- Caused by papilloma virus, or HPV- Typically removed by freezing or cutting off circulation - If gets into skin its caused by bacillus anthracis- 95% recovery even if not treated with antibiotic- doxycycline or ciprofloxacin will give 100% recovery- associated with African hides. Spores are in animal hide and they’ll get into the skin- anthrax is a disease of herbivores. Cattle, sheepRingworm or Tinea- fungal disease- athletes foot or tinea of scalp- causes circular red whelp that develops. - Treated with antifungal things like amphotericin B or nystatinChlamydia trachomatis,- Causes diease in the eye- Trachoma is the name of the eye infection- Can be treated with bacteriostatic antibiotics Conjunctivitis- Causes pink eye- Haemophilus influenza - Symptoms are redding of eye, green discharge, burning sensation- Can be treated but depends of the type of infection. Typically an antibioticApril 2, 2015 Diseases of nervous system Meningitis- Spinal column inflammation- Caused by Neisseria meningitis (its Gm-) the most serious form of bacterial meningitis. High fatality rate. Transmitted through air and into respiratory tract- Also caused by streptococcus pneumonia. Gm+. Inflammation of upper reparatory tract. Enters spinal column and continues to grow- Another is haemophilus influenza- Another is Listeria monocytogenes, it is food born. Dairy products. Unpasteurized milk, sometimes cheese- 90% cases in children are caused by viruses- no antibiotic to treat it - distinction between viral or fungal meningitis is to test the sugar content of the spinal fluid. Viruses don’t consume glucose - cephalosporin can help. - Also caused by Cryptococcus neoformans- pigeon droppings. Airborne. - Also caused by Coccidioides immitis- fungus found in soils in southwestern US. Most people who live in these areas have sometime been infected with this. It is asymptomatic.- (all organisms listed are normal ways to get infected with meningitis. Now we will look at other ways)Neonatal meningitis- protozoa cause meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of brain) - some even cause naegleria acanthamoeba or aerobi. Grows in hot water. - Miltofosine- causes cancerAcute encephalitis- Transmitted by mosquitos- One type is western equine encephalitis. Horses. Occurs in western parts of US- Eastern equine encephalitis also exists- West Nile Fever- Taxoplasma gandii- causes taxmosis Prions are most difficult for us to understand- They are infectious proteins - Causes us to make more protein just like it and causes us to cause disease- They bend in unusual ways. - Cause disease called Kuru, discovered in New Guinea. Assoc. with cannibalism. If you eat the brains of someone who was infected with this disease, then years later you will get kuru. (loss of coordination and muscle twitching) - Get mad cow disease. Cows get mad and start feeding themselves to death- Spongiforme dermatitis - Creutzfeldt-jakob disease- very rare brain disorder - Rabies virus is slow to replicate. Exposure is to bite of infected animal. Becomes hard to