Psyc 104 1st Edition Final Exam Study GuideUnit 3Vocabulary:Empirical study: collection and analysis of data that was objectively observed, measured, and experimented thoroughlyBasic Research: finds the answer to a question of behaviorApplied Research: answers a question by investigation and provides a solution to improve everyday lifeTheory: something that explains and predicts an observed relationshipResearch Hypothesis: a believed association among certain parts of a theoryVariable: a quality that assumes diverse values among diverse peopleScientific Method: a set of rules that all scientist use to conduct researchDescriptive Research: provides a snapshot of how things are right nowCorrelational Research: discovers relationships between variablesExperimental Research: participants are randomly assigned in order to get a variety of answersCase Study: a record of ones experienceSurvey: a questionnaire to get an overall picture of how people feel about a topicUnit 4 Vocabulary:Neuron: receives and transmits information in the nervous systemSoma: contains nucleus of cellDendrite: send information to the soma and collects information from other cellsAxon: sends information away from the cell bodyBrain Stem: controls basic functions like breathingMedulla: part of the brain stem; controls heart rate and breathingPons: control body movements like walkingThalamus: gets sensory information from the spinal cord and relays it to the higher brain levelsCerebellum: coordinates voluntary movements of the bodyHypothalamus: regulates body; including temperature, hunger, thirstHippocampus: in charge of long term memoryCerebral Cortex: outer layer of brainGlial Cells: surrounding the neurons; protect and link them; provide nutrientsFrontal Lobe: responsible for thinking, planning, memory, judgmentParietal Lobe: processes touchOccipital Lobe: processes visual informationTemporal Lobe: processes hearing and languageUnit 6 vocabClassical Conditioning- a neutral stimulus is associated with another stimulus that produces a behavior (example: PTSD)Unconditioned Stimulus- the trigger for a natural occurring responseUnconditioned Response- naturally occurring response, which follows the unconditioned stimulusConditioned Stimulus- a neutral stimulus that is presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, which evokes a reaction similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulusExtinction- this is the decline in response to the conditioned stimulus when it is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulusSpontaneous Recovery- increase response to the conditioned stimulus following a pause after extinctionGeneralization- responding to the stimuli that looks like the conditioned stimulusDiscrimination- responding differently to stimuli that is similar but not the sameSecond-Order Conditioning- when a conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulusPhobia- an irrational fear to somethingOperant Conditioning- learning that happens based on the consequence of a behaviorLaw of Effect- when a response creates a good outcome you are more likely to do it again in order to create the same outcome, as well as when responses create an unpleasant outcome you are less likely to do that againSkinner Box- a structure that contains a bar or key that an animal can press in order to get food as well as a device to keep track of the animal’s responseReinforcer- an event that increases the chances of a behaviorPunisher- an event that decreases the chances of a behaviorContinuous reinforcement schedule- reinforcing a desired response every timePartial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule- reinforcing a desired response only some timesFixed-interval schedule- reinforcement that occurs for the first reaction made after an amount of time passesVariable-interval schedule- reinforcer on an interval scheduleFixed-ratio schedule- behavior is reinforced after a certain number of responsesPrimary Reinforcer- the stimuli that is preferred by the organism (food)Secondary Reinforcer (conditioned reinforcer)- an event that is associated with the primary reinforce through classical conditioning (whistle associated with food)Insight- understanding of a solutionLatent learning- not reinforced or demonstrated until there is motivation Unit 7 vocabMemory- our ability to store, acquire, and retrieve info and habitsExplicit Memory- knowledge or experiences that are intentionally rememberedEpisodic Memory- first-hand experiences had on a daily basisSemantic Memory- knowledge/facts about the worldRecall Test- measures explicit memory (example: essay test)Recognition Memory Test- measures memory to determine if we have seen certain information beforeRelearning-how much information is processed or learned after forgetting it and relearning itImplicit Memory- influence of experience on behavior even if you are not awareProcedural Memory- knowledge of how to do something often unexplainableClassical Conditioning Effects- associating neutral stimuli with another stimulus, which creates areaction all while unaware it is happeningPriming- changing a behavior because of an experience that happened multiple timesSensory Memory- concise storage of sensory informationIconic Memory- visual sensory memory (first studied by George Sperling)Echoic Memory- auditory sensory memoryShort Term Memory- where small amounts of information are held (usually for less than a minute)Working Memory- using things in our short term memoryCentral Executive- in working memory- directs attentiveness and managingMaintenance Rehearsal- restating information mentally or out loud in order to help remember itChunking- organizing information in small groupsLong-Term Memory- information can be held for days, months, and years- large capacity- no limitEncoding- putting experiences into our memoryElaborative Encoding- process information in ways that make it more memorable Spacing Effect- learning is better when studying the same amount over time than short and close togetherOverlearning- practicing and studying mastered materialRetrieval- reactivating information we already stored Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon- failure to retrieve information properly Context-dependent Learning- increase in retrieval when the external situation matches the situation remember Primacy Effect- remembering things present early in a listRecency Effect- remembering things present late in a listRetroactive Interference- learning