Psyc 104 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Units 13,15,2Unit 13Social Psychology- scientific study about how we feel towards, think about, and behave towards the people surrounding us and how they influence usSocial Situation- the people we interact withSocial Cognition- human thinking that helps us understand and predict our own behaviorAttitudes- our assessments of people or thingsSocial Norms- what we should do in social settingsStereotyping- (a thought) assume personality traits based on group membershipPrejudice- (a (negative) feeling) dislike due to appearance or group membershipDiscrimination- (a behavior) actually saying or doing something negative towards someone or a groupSelf-fulfilling prophecy- our expectations towards the personality features that lead us to behave in ways that make those beliefs come trueSocial Identity- positive emotions as a result of our group membershipsStereotype Threat- concerns about and expectation being confirmed that a person will not do well relative to stereotypical high-performing groupsClose Relationships- long-term intimate relationshipInterpersonal Attraction- what makes people like each otherSelf-disclosure- communicating frequently in an accepting mannerProximity- extent to how physically near people are to usMere Exposure- prefer stimuli that we have seen more frequently Commitment- feelings and actions that allow partners to work together to maintain a close relationship with mutual expectations and response to each other’s needsCausal Attribution- trying to determine the cause of a person’s behavior by learning about their personalitiesDispositional Attribution- cause of behavior was due to characteristics that reside with the individualSituational Attribution- behavior was caused by the situationSelf-serving Attributions- judging the cause of your own behavior in positive waysFundamental Attribution Error- overvaluing the role of dispositional factors and overlooking the impact of situations in judging other peopleAttitude- evaluations of people and thingsSelf-monitoring- regulate your own behavior to meet demands of social situationsSelf-perception- use our own behavior to guide us and determine our thoughts and feelingsCognitive Dissonance- distress when we behave in inappropriate waysAltruism- behavior to increase someone’s welfareReciprocal Altruism- helping people now so they will help us in the futureSocial Responsibility norm- we should try to help others without future paybackDiffusion of Responsibility- assuming that others will take actions so we don’t have toAggression- intended to harm someone else Displaced Aggression- directed at someone who causes frustrationCatharsis- observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions with reduce the need to act in a more harmful way laterDesensitization- show weaker emotional reactions to emotional stimuliCulture of Honor- social norm that encourages responding to insults with aggressionConformity- change in beliefs as a result of the people around youObedience- conforming to those in positions of authorityMinority Influence- a smaller group is able to influence the opinions of the larger groupPsychological Reactance- an emotional reaction that leads people to conform to the normSocial Facilitation- performing tasks better in the presence of othersSocial Inhibition- performing tasks poorly in the presence of othersGroup Process- the events that occur while a group is working on a taskSocial Loafing- a group process loss that happens when people do not work as hard in a group asthey do when they work aloneGroupthink-when a group is full of competent people work in a flawed group process and end upmaking poor decisionsIllusion of Group Productivity- tendency for people to overvalue the productivity of a group they’re inUnit 15Abnormal Psychology- applying psychological science to our understanding and treatment of psychological disordersPrevalence- frequency of a condition in a populationPsychological Disorder- pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior that causes stressBio-psycho-social model of illness- understanding that disorders are caused by biological, psychological, or social factorsBiological Component- influences on disorders from an individuals’ bodyPsychological Component- influences that come from an individual like stress responsesSocial Component- influences on disorder due to social and cultural factors like abuseComorbidity- people who suffer from one disorder also suffer from other disordersDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- a handbook that provides criteria for the classification of mental disordersAnxiety- nervousness that we experience about something that is going onAnxiety disorders- disturbances from irrational fearsGeneralized Anxiety Disorder- when a person excessively worries about money, health, work, family life for a least 6 monthsPanic Disorder- sudden panic attacks that reach peak in minutesPhobia- fear of a certain object, situation, or activitySocial Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)- anxiety about a social situation (having a conversation or meeting new people) and feeling at risk for scrutiny by othersAgoraphobia- fear or anxiety in a least two social situationsObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)- when an individual continuously obsesses and engages in compulsions to calm the obsessionsMood- positive or negative feelings in our everyday livesMood Disorders- when a person’s mood negatively influences their physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processesDysthymia- depressive symptoms that last for two years at leastMajor Depressive Disorder- low mood and low self-esteem and loss of interest in enjoyable activities Bipolar Disorder- swings in moods from “high to sad and hopeless” and back upSchizophrenia- a disorder where you have “delusions, hallucinations, loss of contact with reality, inappropriate affect, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and deterioration of adaptive behavior”Psychosis- out of touch with realityHallucinations- absence of real stimulus that creates false sensationsDelusions- fake beliefs that are not common yet you maintain them because you are out of touch with realityPersonality Disorders- fixed patterns of “thinking, feeling, or relating to others that cause problems in personal, social, and work situations”Borderline Personality Disorder- a disorder characterized by a prolonged “disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal