PSYC 104 1st EditionExam #3 Study Guide Units: 10-11Unit 10Conception- when the sperm fertilizes the eggOvulation- when the egg is in one of the ovariesZygote- the fertilized eggEmbryo- when the zygote attaches itself to the uterus wallAmniotic Sac- a fluid-filled sac that the embryo lives in until birthPlacenta- exchanges nutrients between the embryo and the momUmbilical Cord- links the placenta to the embryoFetus- what the embryo becomes after 9 weeksTeratogens- substances that can harm the fetusFetal Alcohol Syndrome- when the mother drinks while pregnant and can lead to developmental effectsSurvival reflexes- responses to the environment around them form the first day of lifeSchemas- patterns of knowledge in long-term your memoryAssimilation- use developed schemas to process new infoAccommodation- learning new informationSensorimotor Stage- (birth until age 2) physical interaction with the objects around themObject Permanence- when objects can’t be perceived but they know they existConcrete Operational Stage- more frequent use of transitions, operations, or abstract conceptsConservation- understanding changes in an objects formInternalized- in our mindsScaffolding- encourage the child to achieve a higher cognitive levelZone of proximal development- abilities of a child that they are just beginning to useSelf-awareness- (5 months) realizing they re an individualSelf-concept- knowledge of ourselvesSocial Comparison- compares themselves to other childrenAttachment- bond with mother or primary caregiverSecure Attachment Styles- engages with strangers while mother is presentAmbivalent Attachment Styles- wary of strangers- clings to motherDisorganized Attachment Styles- no way to cope with stress n a strange situationTemperament- the personality characteristics of a childParenting Styles- behaviors of parent depending on their natureAuthoritarian- demanding but not responsivePermissive- makes few demands and gives little punishmentAuthoritative- demanding but responsive to the needs of the kidRejecting-neglecting- undemanding and unresponsiveAdolescence- between puberty and beginning of adulthoodPuberty- hormonal changes cause physical alterations of the bodyPrimary Sex Characteristics- sex organsSecondary Sex Characteristic- adam’s apple, deeper voice, pubic hairMenarche- first periodSpermarche- beginning of sperm development in boysPrefrontal Cortex- area of brain used in reasoning, problem solving, and planningMyelin- tissue that forms around axons and neurons to help speed transmissionsEgocentrism- adolescents believe they can do whatever they wantImaginary Audience- everyone is watching themRole Experimentation- search for identityPreconventional Morality- punishment is avoided and rewards are sought (age 9)Conventional Morality- wants to be accepted and please others (teen years)Postconventional Morality- use reasoning to justify behaviors (adult)Intimacy versus Isolation- gives and receives loveGenerativity verse Stagnation- interests in guiding the next generationMenopause- when the menstrual cycle stops for 12 months straightSocial Clock- “right time” for major events in your life (marriage, kids)Late adulthood- 60’sDementia- disease that causes you to lose your cognitive abilities that interfere with daily eventsAlzheimer’s- form of dementia that is fatal and leads to a loss in emotions, cognitions, and physical functioningUnit 11Emotion Regulation- the ability to control and use your emotionsAffect- experience of feeling or emotionEmotion- a feeling that guides your behaviorMotivation- a driving force of your behaviorHealth Psychology- interface between affect and physical healthCannon-Bard theory- emotions and arousal happen at the same timeJames-Lange theory- emotions are a result of arousalStanley Schachter and Jerome Singer- arousal and emotions happen at the same timeMisattribution of Arousal- incorrectly label the source of our arousalExcitation Transfer- arousal from one thing leads to strong emotions for something elseBasic Emotions- anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surpriseCognitive Appraisal- more complex secondary emotionsFacial Feedback Hypothesis- facial muscles trigger emotionsOptimism- expect positive outcomesSelf-efficacy- belief in our ability to carry out actions to produce an outcomeHardiness- less affected by life’s stress- relationship with both optimism and self-efficacySocial Support- positive social relationshipsAffective Forecasting- predicting their future emotionsDrives- motivation inside us to balance our body outGoals- desired outcomeHomeostasis- natural state of our bodyIntrinsically Motivated- we work because we enjoy itExtrinsically motivated- we work for money or praiseInsulin- a hormone made by our pancreasBasal Metabolic Rate- energy used at restAnorexia Nervosa- an eating disorder- low body weight- obsession with exerciseBulimia Nervosa- binge eating then pukingObesity- extreme excess body fat- impacts healthBody Mass Index- measure of your weight and heightTestosterone- main hormone for arousalOxytocin- promotes closeness and