MIC301 Exam 1 Review SheetsStructure and Function of BacteriaLecture 1Pathogen- ability to infect a host (causing a disease in human host)Virulent Factors – Able to cause an infection in a host more easily Pro vs Eukaryotic – Metabolically and chemically similar, structure and complexity are differentStructure of ProkaryoticAppendages – (1) flagella, (2) fimbriea or common pili, (3) sex pilus(1) Flagella function with directed movement influenced bu positive and negative chemotaxis(2) Protein pilin, adheasion(3) Bacterial ConjugationCell envelope (outer to inner) – (1) glycocalyx [slime layer, capsule], (2) Cell wall, (3) Cell membrane(1) Functions for protection and attachment a. Slime layer – non-uniform in density or thicknessb. Capsule – thick gelatinous polymer (protects against phagocytosis and destruction by WBCs(2) Rigid, and protects from osmotic lysis, primary component - heteropolymer peptidoglycana. Contains glycan chains (disaccharides) NAG and NAMb. Interbridging – cross-linked glycan chains by short tetrapeptide between muramic acid subunitsc. Gram positive – 90% peptidoglycan, 10% acidic polysaccharides i. Acidic polysaccharides- (1) teichoic acid, (2) lipoteichoic acid1. Function to assis in the transport of ions and to reinforce cross linking between glycan chains (increase rigidity)d. Gram negative – (1) outer membrane, (2) periplasmic space, (3) peptidoglycani. (1) largest part of the multilayered wall, typical phospholipid bylayer, contains specialized proteins (lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, porin proteins)ii. (2) Contains hydrolytic enzymes (phosphates, nucleases, proteases, lipases)iii. (3) One thick layer of Peptidoglycan(3) Polar head (Phosphate Head), non-polar tails (two long chain fatty acids)a. Exoenzymes go to periplasmic space for processing in gram neg cellsCytoplasm- (1) Cell pool, (2) nucleoid, (3) plasmids, (4) ribosomes, (5) inclusion bodies [granules](1) Internal matrix of the cell contained inside the cell membrane (70-80% H2O), contains building blocks for cell synthesis (metabolism) or sources of energy (catabolism)(2) Single circular double stranded DNA with specialized proteins, not enclosed by a membrane(3) Non-essential piece of DNA. If (3) present they can encode protective and selective traits.(4) 70S (50S & 30S)(5) Three different types Organic (glycogen), Lipid (PHB) & Inorganic phosphateEndospores – not all bacteria have the ability to form a sporeMechanism of survival, gram + (Bacillus and Clostridium), gram neg never produce a sporeBacterial Growth and MetabolismLecture 2GrowthBinary FissionFastidious BacteriaLegionella, Chlamydia, Mycobacterium leprea, TreponemaMacronutrients – Elements required in large amounts by bacteria to grow (Everything else)Micronutrients – Elements required in trace amount by bacteria to grow (Transition Metals, ex.Fe)Vitamins: Growth factorsFolic acid- Carbon metabolismNicotinic acid (Niacin) – Precursor of NAD+Riboflavin – Precursor of FMNPyridoxal group (B6)Phototroph – Nutrition from micro and macronutrients onlyFastidious – Complex & special nutrient requirementsFour Phases of bacterial growth: (1) Lag, (2) Log, (3) Stationary, (4) DeathMetabolismHeterotrophic, Photosynthetic, AutotrophicHeterotrophs are usually pathogenic, not the other twoAerobic growth vs Aerobic respiration meaningMetabolic EnergyAl major pathways use glucose or hexose catabolismNADH = 3 ATPFADH2 = 2 ATPAerobic Respiration – Glycolysis, Krebs (TCA, Citric Acid Cycle), ETC & Oxidative PhosphorylationOxygen is the final electron acceptorEnd product generated: CO2 + H2OMax 38 ATPAnaerobic Respiration – Glycolysis, Krebs (TCA, Citric Acid Cycle), ETC & Oxidative PhosphorylationOxygen is NOT the final electron acceptor, INORGANIC SALTSEnd product generated: H2S; Nitrite; CH4Variable, <38 ATPFermentation (primarily anaerobic)Only goes through the glycolytic pathway, Organic products are end productEnd product generated: Ethanol, Butanol, Lactic AcidMax 2 ATPPhotosynthesis - Convert light to ATP, not a feature of pathogenic bacteriaCellular Functions & Microbial GeneticsLecture 3GeneticsGregor Mendel – Two laws of inheritanceArchibald Garrod – Link between human inherited disease (alkaptonuria) and production of specific proteinGredrick Griffith – Streptococcus experiments with mouseOswald Avery – Found that DNAse treatment inhibited transformation (=DNA had genetic material)Erwin Chargaff – Showed A//T and G///C linkageMaurice Wilkins and Rosalink Franklin – X-Ray diffraction to establish data for DNA structure solved by Watson and CrickDNA Replication  RNA Transcription  RNA Processing / mRNA Transport  Protein TranslationDNA: 5’Phosphate; 3’HydroxylChromosome – usually only one, circularThree types of plasmids – (1) Antibiotic Resistance Genes, (2) Toxin Genes, (3) ConjugationDNA replication (Semi-Conservative Replication)(1) Binding of DnaA to OriV(2) Helicase(3) SSB Proteins(4) DNA Primase, RNA Polymerase Primes(5) DNA Polymerase (5’->3’) Leading vs Lagging (Okazaki gaps sealed with DNA ligase)(6) Termination at specific termination sequencesCentral Dogma (DNA -- (Transcription) --> RNA -- (Translation) -- > Protein)(1) Transcription (Initiation, Elongation, Termination)a. Initiationi. Transcription factor to promoter regionii. RNA is recruited with help of sigma factorsiii. Helicaseiv. RNA Polymerase (promoter is clearedb. Elongationi. RNA reads 3’->5’ii. Template copied to mRNA (Uracil replaces Thymine)c. Terminationi. Rho- independent (Hairpin Loop)ii. Rho- Dependent (Destabilizes interaction between mRNA & template(2) Translation (Initiation, Elongation, Termination)a. Initiationi. mRNA binds through ribosomal binding site1. Shine-Dalgarno Sequence, AGGAG (30S ribosomal subunit)ii. IF1 block A for dissociation, IF3 blocks E, IF2 helps met-tRNA bind to P siteiii. 50S ribosomal subunit the joins complexb. Elongationi. Met-tRNA binds to P, next amino acid binds to A, unloaded tRNA exit to Ec. Terminationi. Stop Codons (UAA, UGA, UAG)BacteriophagesLecture 4Classifications of Bacteriophages – (1) Nucleic Acid Composition, (2) Shape, (3) Lifecycle(1) dsDNA (T-phage, lambda), ssDNA (M13), dsRNA ( 6), ssRNA (Q )Φ β(2) Icosohedral ( 6), Helical (M13), Both (lambda)Φ(3) Lytic vs Temperatea. Lytic (T4)i. Adsorption, Penetration, Replicationii. Preferential mRNA synthesis > DNA synthesis protein synthesis > incomplete head assembly >