Slide 1Erikson: Identity and Identity ConfusionFigure 10.1 - Marcia’s Four Statuses of IdentityIdentityEthnic IdentityEthnic Identity in Immigrant GroupsFamiliesAutonomy and AttachmentBehavioral ControlParental KnowledgeParental KnowledgeAdolescent Information Management and SecrecyParent-Adolescent ConflictParent-Adolescent ConflictExplanations for Increases in ConflictSocial Domain TheoryConflict and Adolescent DevelopmentPeersDevelopmental Changes in Self-Disclosing ConversationsFriendshipsCliques and CrowdsCrowdsDating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and AdjustmentThe MediaJuvenile DelinquencyCauses of Delinquency Depression Suicide Gender Differences in SuicideSlide 32Slide 33Social & Emotional Development in AdolescenceErikson:Identity and Identity Confusion•Identity: Series of basic life commitments in a variety of spheres•Time or experimentation with roles and personality•Psychosocial Moratorium: time between childhood security and adult autonomy10-3Figure 10.1 - Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity10-4Identity•Developmental changes•Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence•Identity does not remain stable throughout life•“MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievementEthnic Identity• Ethnic identity•enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership• Biculteral identity•adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority cultureEthnic Identity in Immigrant Groups•First-generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much•Second-generation immigrants are more likely to think of themselves as “American” •ethnic identity is likely to be linked to retention of their ethnic language and social networksFamilies •Everyday conflicts serve a positive developmental function•Old model of parent-adolescent relationships:•Adolescents detach themselves from parents as they mature, and move into autonomous world apart from parents•New model of parent-adolescent relationships: •Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social worldAutonomy and Attachment•Adolescents’ push for autonomy and responsibility puzzles and angers parents•Wise adults relinquish control where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent •Boys are given more independence than girls•Culture moderates•Secure attachment may be important in adolescents’ relationships with their parentsBehavioral Control•Parents’ rules, regulations, restrictions, and awareness of teens’ activities•Facilitates development by providing necessary supervision & guidance• Parental MONITORING•Research has shown this is associated with fewer EXTERNALIZING problems (delinquency, etc.)Parental Knowledge•Methodologically, monitoring research has focused on what parents know about their teens’ activities•But there are a lot of different ways parents could get this knowledge:• Parental solicitation of information•Surveillance and control•Child disclosureParental Knowledge•Stattin & Kerr •Examined role of different forms of parental knowledge on juvenile delinquency•Controlled for trust•CHILD DISCLOSURE and not parental solicitation or behavioral control predicted lower levels of juvenile delinquencyAdolescent Information Management and Secrecy•Adolescents may NOT disclose information to parents•To avoid getting in trouble•Because they view it as none of parents’ business•Research has focused on adolescent INFORMATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES•Lying•Avoidance•Partial disclosureParent-Adolescent Conflict•Much of the conflict involves everyday events of family life •Ex: keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time, use of the phone•Conflicts rarely involve major dilemmas such as drugs or delinquency•Conflicts with parents often escalates during early adolescence, remains somewhat stable during the high school years, and then lessens as adolescence endsParent-Adolescent Conflict•Greatest in early adolescence, then declines•Intensity increases from early to middle adolescence•Mother-daughter dyads are the most conflictive dyad, followed by mother-son•Mostly about everyday issuesExplanations for Increases in Conflict•Sociobiological explanations •Result of biological changes (testosterone; Steinberg & Hill)•Changes in expectancies •Violations of what is expected behavior during times of rapid change (Collins)• Social-cognitive changes•Differences in adolescents’ & parents’ interpretations of issuesSocial Domain Theory•Reason about issues from different domains of social knowledge•Morality•Harm & fairness•Social Conventions •Uniformities to promote order•Personal jurisdiction (my room can be messy if I want!)•Individual prerogative•Prudential (driving laws, curfews)•One’s own safetyConflict and Adolescent Development•Parents’ reasoning (appeals to social conventions)•Socialize the adolescent into family, community, and cultural norms and expectations•Adolescents’ reasoning (appeals to personal jurisdiction)•Serve to individuate adolescents, increase personal agency, enlarge sphere of personal actionPeers• Friendships•Most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimate•Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needsDevelopmental Changes in Self-Disclosing ConversationsFriendships•Sullivan discussed the importance of adolescent friendships•shape development of children and adolescents•help meet social needs•foreshadows quality of romantic relationships in adulthoodCliques and Crowds•Adolescence marks the emergence of large collectives of peers•Cliques: small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that may form among adolescents •Engage in similar activities•Crowds: large, reputation-based collectives of similarly stereotyped individuals who may or may not spend a lot of time togetherCrowds•Based on reputation and stereotype, n ot interaction•Crowds contribute to definition of norms and standards (e.g., for clothing, leisure, & music tastes)•Crowds contribute to adolescents’ sense of identity &