What Are Emotions?Emotions: Biological and Environmental InfluencesEarly Emotions: CryingShould parents respond to an infant’s cries?Early EmotionsEarly Emotions: SmilingEarly Emotions: FearSocial ReferencingEmotional RegulationTemperamentTemperamentPersonality DevelopmentSlide 13Personality development: gaining a sense of selfPersonality development: gaining a sense of selfWhat Are Emotions?•Emotion -- feeling, or affect•Involve an individual’s communication with the world•In infancy - communication is central part of emotion•Classifying Emotions•Positive•Happiness, joy, love, enthusiasm•Negative •Anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadnessEmotions: Biological and Environmental Influences •Biological Influences•Certain brain regions play a role in emotions•Facial expressions of basic emotions such as •Happiness, surprise, anger, and fear are the same across cultures •Environmental Influences•Display rules•When, where, and how emotions should be expressed•Are not culturally universalEarly Emotions: Crying•Babies have at least three types of cries:•Basic cry•hunger•Rhythmic with brief rest between cries•Anger cry•Louder and more intense than basic cry•Pain cry •Longer initial cry, sudden onset, breath held between cries•The pain cry may be stimulated by physical pain or by any high-intensity stimulusShould parents respond to an infant’s cries? •Many developmentalists recommend that parents soothe a crying infant, especially in the first year•This reaction should help infants develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiverEarly Emotions•In infancy: communication•In the first six months • express surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust•By the second year •jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt•these have been called self-conscious emotions or other-conscious emotionsEarly Emotions: Smiling•Reflexive smile•appears at about 1 mos.• not ties to external stimuli•Social smile•Appears at about 2 mos.•Usually in response to familiar face or stimuli (parent, pet, etc.)Early Emotions: Fear•Begins to appear at 6 mos•Peaks at 18 mos.•Types of fear:•Stranger anxiety.•Separation protest peaks around 13-15 mos.Social Referencing•Social referencing: reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation•helps infants to interpret ambiguous situations •parent’s facial expression influences exploration of an unfamiliar environment in first year•social referencing improves in the second year of lifeEmotional Regulation•Caregivers’ actions and contexts can influence emotional regulation•Soothing a crying infant helps infants develop a sense of trust and secure attachment to the caregiverTemperament•Definition :•Individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation•Strong genetic influence•Three broad categories (Chess & Thomas, 1977)•Easy children: at ease with new situations•Difficult children: intense withdrawal from new situations•Slow-to-warm-up childrenTemperament•Goodness-of-fit•Fit between infant temperament and parent behavior toward and with the infant•Sensitive responsiveness:•Parents’ ability to react to the specific temperament needs of their childrenPersonality Development•Erikson•First year = trust versus mistrust stage/crisis •Sensitive, responsive, and consistent care promotes trust.•Newborns and infants develop a sense of reliability of people and objectsPersonality development: Gaining a sense of selfThe Development of Self-Recognition–5-8 months: Does not recognize self in mirror–9-12 months: Recognizes other people/items in room–15-18 months: Recognizes self in mirror (Rouge Test)Personality development: gaining a sense of self•Self-concept: the image of ourselves•Personal agency•I can make that move!•Self-efficacy•I’m GREAT at making it move!Personality development: gaining a sense of self•Erikson •Second year: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt•Sense of independence develops•Importance of parental patience•Parents who are typically controlling , over-protecting, and criticizing likely to foster self-doubt or shame in