Slide 1Parenting StylesParenting StylesParentingDisciplineConsequences of Corporal PunishmentSiblings and DevelopmentQuality of sibling relationshipsDo parents treat siblings differently?Two theories of sibling-parent relationshipsOnly ChildrenChanging Family in a Changing SocietyChanging Family in a Changing SocietyChanging Family in a Changing SocietyChanging Family in a Changing SocietyPeersPeersPeersPeer statusPeer statusPeersPeersPeersPeers - BullyingMediaMovies and TVModeling virtual aggressorsFamily & PeersChildhoodParenting Styles•Authoritarian parenting: •Restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort•“Totalitarian”, one way road•Authoritative parenting: •Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions•Compromising, two way streetParenting Styles• Neglectful parenting:•Parent is uninvolved in the child’s life•parents needs and wants come first• Indulgent parenting:•Parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them•no rules or punishmentsParenting•Parenting styles in context•Authoritative parenting conveys the most benefits to the child and to the family as a whole•Cultural variations for dominant parenting style•Co-parenting•Support that parents give each other in raising a child•Mom and dad are on the same page/same parenting styleDiscipline•Behaviorism•Reinforcement and Punishment•Corporal Punishment•Yelling, spanking, screaming•Other Forms of Punishment•Power Assertion•Psychological aggression •Inductive techniques•Reasoning •Love Withdrawal•Silent treatment, ignoringConsequences of Corporal Punishment•What are some reasons for avoiding spanking? •Parental yelling, screaming, or spanking present out-of-control models•Physical punishment can instill fear, rage, or avoidance. •Shows children what not to do rather than what to do. •Parents might unintentionally become so aroused that they become abusiveSiblings and DevelopmentSiblings play a crucial role in the socialization of childrenOlder siblings become models for younger childrenSibling bonds are lifelongQuality of sibling relationships•Better relationships leads to better outcomes (Stocker, 2002)•Long term effects: less internalizing and externalizing behaviors• BUT…similarity in problem behaviors…problem for younger siblingsDo parents treat siblings differently?•According to parents and sibling children, yes.•Younger adolescents usually perceive this is fair based on age, maturity, etc.•Leads to higher levels of negative behaviors between siblings•Especially if it’s from fathersTwo theories of sibling-parent relationships•Social learning theory:•Older siblings serve as role models for younger siblings•Sibling de-identification theory: •Adolescents work to define themselves differently in their relationships with parentsOnly Children•High in self-esteem, achievement motivation•Closer relationships with parents•Peer acceptance may be a problem•lack of practice in conflict resolutionChanging Family in a Changing Society•Working parents•Children display less gender stereotyping •more egalitarian views of gender •Children in divorced families•Quality of adjustmentChanging Family in a Changing Society•Divorce :•Most problems precede divorce•Frequent visits by the noncustodial parent •Temperament and adjustment•Impact on income and job stability•Remarriages involving children has increased•Types of stepfamily structure•Stepfather•Stepmother•Blended or complexChanging Family in a Changing Society•Gay and lesbian parents•Most children from gay or lesbian families have a heterosexual orientation•Cultural and ethnic variations•Migration to urban areas•Variations in education and income6-15Changing Family in a Changing Society•Lower-SES parents – Authoritarian •Greater desire that children conform to society’s expectations•Establish more authority in home•Higher-SES parents – Authoritative •Greater emphasis on child’s initiative and delay of gratification•Less likely to use physical punishmentPeers•A source of information and comparison outside the family•Good peer relations  normal socioemotional development •Often organized around:•Proximity (same grade and classroom)•Sex•EthnicityPeersTypes of Play •Important context for the development of language and communication skills •Sensorimotor play•Motor movements, jump rope•Practice play•Playing house•Pretense/symbolic play•Riding a broom (horse)•Social play•Play with other individuals•Constructive play•All the above•GamesPeers•Developmental changes•Reciprocity becomes important in peer interchanges •Size of peer group increases•Peer interaction is less closely supervised by adults•Children’s preference for same-sex peer groupsPeer status•Sociometric research•Based on peer nominations•Go into a classroom and have students nominate•Who do you LIKE…who do you DISLIKE?•Who is your FRIEND?•Perceived popularity•Ask children to nominate who they think OTHER kids like•Allows researchers to capture different patterns of peer statusPeer statusFrequently nominated as best friendInfrequently nominated as best friendRarely disliked by peersPopular NeglectedActively disliked by peersControversial RejectedAverage children receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from peersPeers•Social cognition - Thoughts about social matters•Important for understanding peer relationships•Assists in forming friendships•Also uses scripts to navigate social situationsPeers•Friends•Typically characterized by similarity•Serve six functions•Companionship•buddy•Stimulation•information•Physical support•time•Ego support•Maintain competence•Social comparison•Affection and intimacy•Trusting relationshipPeers•Bullying•Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful•Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be affected•Outcomes of bullying• Depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicidePeers - Bullying•Types of Aggression•Instrumental Aggression• View coercion as an effective meansto get their way•Hostile Aggression• Aim is to hurt the victim• physical (direct) aggression•Relational (social)