PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2What is Metabolism?Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30What is the Daily Human Requirement for ATP?Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36FAD, Flavine Adenine DinucleotideSlide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Lecture 14 – Chapter 15MetabolismLecture 14 – Chapter 15Metabolism1OutlineOutline-Metabolism-ATP as the universal currency of free energy-Coupled Reactions-Activated carriers-Regulation of metabolic processes-Metabolism-ATP as the universal currency of free energy-Coupled Reactions-Activated carriers-Regulation of metabolic processes2What is Metabolism?What is Metabolism?ATPATPADPADPMotionActive transportBiosynthesis (anabolism)Signal amplificationMotionActive transportBiosynthesis (anabolism)Signal amplificationPhotosynthesis (autotrophs)Oxidation of fuel molecules (catabolism) (chemoheterotroph)Photosynthesis (autotrophs)Oxidation of fuel molecules (catabolism) (chemoheterotroph)3The complex of physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.The complex of physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.Contain potential energy that can be released by oxidationContain potential energy that can be released by oxidationHydrocarbon Fuels(fossil fuel, biofuel, glucose)Hydrocarbon Fuels(fossil fuel, biofuel, glucose)~ 30 ATPs~ 30 ATPs6 CO26 H2OC6H12O6 + 6 O2−2880 kJ/ mol6 CO26 H2O4Energy is released from glucose in a stepwise fashion, forming ATPEnergy is released from glucose in a stepwise fashion, forming ATP530-32 ATP30-32 ATPFree Energy Released by Oxidation of single-carbon compoundsFree Energy Released by Oxidation of single-carbon compounds6Two main types of Cellular FuelTwo main types of Cellular Fuel7Oxidation-Reduction reactions : OverviewOxidation-Reduction reactions : Overview Aox + Bred Ared + BoxReduction --- Gain of e-/loss of oxygen/gain of hydrogenReduction --- Gain of e-/loss of oxygen/gain of hydrogenOxidation --- Loss of e-/gain of oxygen/loss of hydrogenOxidation --- Loss of e-/gain of oxygen/loss of hydrogen8NADHNADHMetabolismMetabolisme-e-e-e-e-e-e-9High Enthalpy/Low Entropy(Higher free energy)High Enthalpy/Low Entropy(Higher free energy)Low Enthalpy/High Entropy(Lower free energy)Low Enthalpy/High Entropy(Lower free energy)CatabolismCatabolismAnabolismAnabolismOxidation of carbon fuelOxidation of carbon fuelNADHNADHFADH2e-10The stages of catabolismThe stages of catabolism11Adenosine-5’-Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine-5’-Triphosphate (ATP)Phosphate tailAdenine (base)Ribose (sugar)Ribose (sugar)2αβγPhospho- ester bondPhosphoric Anhydride Linkages (Phosphoryl Groups with High Transfer Potential)in Adenosine NucleotidesPhosphoric Anhydride Linkages (Phosphoryl Groups with High Transfer Potential)in Adenosine NucleotidesHydrolysis of Phosphoric Acid Anhydrides is Highly FavorableHydrolysis of Phosphoric Acid Anhydrides is Highly FavorableΔG°’ = -30.5 kJ mol-1ΔG°’ = -30.5 kJ mol-1ATPOrthophosphatePiOrthophosphatePi14ADP∆J+pyrophosphate∆G°’= -45.6 kJ mol-1∆G°’= -45.6 kJ mol-1(PPi)(PPi)15∆J+pyrophosphate∆G°’= -33.6 kJ mol-1∆G°’= -33.6 kJ mol-1(PPi)(PPi)--H--HHydrolysis of Pyrophosphate Is Also Thermodynamically FavorableHydrolysis of Pyrophosphate Is Also Thermodynamically Favorable(Pi)(Pi)(Pi)(Pi)17Three ways to make ATP in EukaryotesThree ways to make ATP in Eukaryotes1. Substrate-level phosphorylation: Phosphate is transferred to ADP in a coupled reaction involving from a molecule with an high-phosphoryl group transfer potential.2. Oxidative phosphorylation during Cellular respiration by ATP phosphatase3. Creatine kinaseMolecules with High-Phosphoryl Group Transfer PotentialMolecules with High-Phosphoryl Group Transfer Potential18Coupled-Reaction For Production of ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)Coupled-Reaction For Production of ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)PEP + H2O ---> pyruvate + Pi ∆G = -62.2 kJ/mol ADP + Pi ---> ATP + H2O ∆G = +30.5 kJ/molPEP + ADP ---> pyruvate + ATP Overall ∆G = -31.5 kJ/molReactions (1) and (2) are coupledReactions (1) and (2) are coupled(1)(2)∆G°’overall = ∆G°’reaction 1 + ∆G°’reaction 2∆G°’overall = ∆G°’reaction 1 + ∆G°’reaction 2If the net ∆G°’ value (∆G°’overall) is sufficiently negative, forming the products (eg. pyruvate and ATP) is an exergonic process If the net ∆G°’ value (∆G°’overall) is sufficiently negative, forming the products (eg. pyruvate and ATP) is an exergonic process (3)Molecules with High-Phosphoryl Group Transfer PotentialMolecules with High-Phosphoryl Group Transfer Potential20The Large Negative Free Energy Change of ATP Hydrolysis Drives many Unfavorable Reactions in the CellThe Large Negative Free Energy Change of ATP Hydrolysis Drives many Unfavorable Reactions in the CellExample: Phosphorylation of glucose is driven by hydrolysis of ATPExample: Phosphorylation of glucose is driven by hydrolysis of ATPATP + H2O ADP + Pi ∆G°’reaction 1 = -30.5 kJ/molglucose + Pi G-6-P + H2O ∆G°’reaction 2 = +14 kJ/molglucose + ATP G-6-P + ADP ∆G°’overall = -16.5 kJ/molCoupledreactionsCoupledreactionsMolecules with High-Phosphoryl Group Transfer PotentialMolecules with High-Phosphoryl Group Transfer Potential2223Three ways to make ATP in EukaryotesThree ways to make ATP in Eukaryotes1. Substrate-level phosphorylation: Phosphate is transferred to ADP in a coupled reaction involving from a molecule with an high-phosphoryl group transfer potential.2. Oxidative phosphorylation. (ATP phosphatase)3. Creatine kinaseSources of ATP during ExcerciseSources of ATP during ExcerciseAnaerobic24-Initial pool1. Transient forms of stored energy2. Thermodynamically unstable(Favorable/spontaneous)1. Kinetically stable(Does not hydrolyze unpredictably)1. Transient forms of stored energy2. Thermodynamically unstable(Favorable/spontaneous)1. Kinetically stable(Does not hydrolyze unpredictably)Two important properties of high-energy compoundsTwo important
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