PSYCH 202 1st Edition Lecture 22 o o o o o Developmental Processes Day 2 Videotape segment Harlow s Monkeys Harlow studies were done at UW Madison Motherless monkeys surrogate mother studies These were fake mothers Wired monkeys Version 1 cold wire Access to nourishment Version 2 cloth soft mom Gave security and comfort What motivates infant attachment to mothers Freudian legacy Nutrition vs contact comfort which is the primary motivating variable Conclusion contact comfort is primary and leads to emotional security Related concepts Soothing Self soothing Emotional security Emotional regulation Emotional competence in short emotional intelligence Video clip segment is temperamental shyness due to nature or nurture or is biology destiny Temperament behavioral characteristics gained early in life that appear to have genetic underpinnings Attachment phenotype from genotype and environment Shy children are Fearful vigilant cautious apprehensive Less fearful more observant Shy infants and outgoing infants show activity on opposite sides of brain Right shy Right is associated with fear anger depression Left outgoing More positive affect Happiness pleasure Biology is not our destiny Video Clip Steve Suomi on Rhesus Monkey Temperaments 3 weeks old can tell if outgoing or why Biological bases of shyness and the effects of nurturant environments Shy monkeys display clinging to mothers and other signs of emotional insecurity Genetically shy monkeys show differences in behavior These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o o Ex stress levels And physiology Ex cortisol levels In the first several weeks of life Nature and nurture interact for all behavior Concepts examples illustrated in videotape Temperament and genes shyness is inherited but is modifiable for better and worse with nurturant rejecting parenting and supportive isolating social relationships Jerome Kagan discusses shyness vs outgoingness and activity level He argues that these dimensions of temperament are among the most important innate differences in humans noting that they are uncorrelated with cognitive abilities e g intelligence Note however how Kagan discusses how research shows that shy temperaments can and often do lead to socially competent children and adults under proper conditions Genetically shy monkeys raised by nurturant socially skilled patient mothers models can become socially outgoing and even the most dominant members of their groups Nature is not destiny however it is highly influential Large set of temperamental categories 4 months old can predict those behaviors Jordan not average Shy Was scared Later will be very quiet Katrina was calm Will be outgoing later in life Attachment Data from Mary Ainsworth s strange situation test Securely attached babies 60 70 of population Wander explore after introduction to the new setting Show distress upon separation but settle quickly Show pleasure and seek contact upon reunion Insecurely attached babies Cling after introduction to new setting Cry upon separation and are difficult to soothe or settle Show anger indifference upon reunion Subtypes Avoidant no obvious distress outside of ignoring snubbing and tentative approach Anxious ambivalent extreme clinging elicits and rejects caring contact Disorganized attachment inconsistent behavior smile fear avoidance Article Ordinary variations in maternal caregiving influence human infants stress reactivity saying amount of maternal care affects human infant amounts of stress Background research with animals Showed there were differences in stress response systems of rats Mother rats who showed high levels of rat love compared with those that didn t Competent rat moms lick bite touch their pups a lot move them around alter their nest a lot constantly having physical change with them groom them archedback nursing Less competent mothers less arched back nursing didn t lick or touch as much created stress in their pups Background research with humans Not an experiment Not a manipulation of variables No control and experimental group There were 2 groups though No independent variable that was manipulated Basic research design and hypotheses Quality of MCB was measured combining two rating variables Maternal care behaviors Measured what was going on in the home Low levels of MCB to high levels Mean 4 Standard Deviation 1 4 1 standard deviation is 68 of the group Average 2 6 5 4 The contrasting variable were those above and below the average Results Differences in infant behavior based on MCB More MCB associated with more left activation of brain Fearfulness is with lower MCB Positive joint attention associated with higher MCB High quality caring mothers has babies who are more likely to have left activated brains How fearful children are was based on MCB Measured using masks More fear mother was less MCB Low quality MCB Less frontal EEG symmetry More infant fear response Low positive joint attention High infant negative affect Confounds Correlational study Directionality problem Third variable problem Genotype of child s temperament Computed a statistical test Infant temperament and stress reactivity computed a series of one way univariate ANOVAs Temperament group had no significant main effects on frontal or parietal EEG fearfulness or sociability Left out infant negative affect because of course more shyness is associated with high infant negative affect Temperament was unrelated to different groups on graph results Maternal care does influence stress reactivity outcomes of infants Is secure insecure attachment style due to biology or experience o o Yes Both Steve Suomi s genetically temperamentally shy monkeys demonstrate insecure attachment styles biology Yet contact with supportive mothers led to social competence in anxious monkeys experience affects temperament Responsive parenting studies with various species show that sensitive and responsive mothers tend to have securely attached babies and training mothers to be more sensitive creates higher rates of secure attachment in temperamentally difficult offspring Hane and Fox s MCB study illustrates the complexity of the phenotype MCB s probably both affect stress reactivity and are affected by infant temperamental negativity Harlow s motherless monkeys were profoundly insecure and behaviorally disturbed experience Yet extended experience with normal older peers over