PSYC 3110 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Chapters: 12 - 14Chapter 12 (April 2nd)POWER AND VIOLENCEPower and InterdependenceSources of PowerPower is based on control of valuable resourcesThe person with the power doesn’t have to possess, but at least have accessPrinciple of lesser interest: person who has less interest in continuing the relationship has the most power.If there is another source, the first source has less powerFate control: can control partners outcome no matter what their actionsBehavior control: changing your behavior changes your partner’s behavior.Types of ResourcesReward: give something they like or take away what they don’t likeCoercive: do something they like or don’t do something they don’t likeLegitimate: partner believe we have right to boss them aroundReciprocity: do unto others are they do youEquity: everyone has equal responsibilitiesSocial Responsibility: help those who can’t help themselvesReferent: they adore us so they do what we want because of a connectionExpert: partner has higher knowledge and/or experienceInformational: partner has information you would like for them to shareMen/Women and Control of Resources:Disparity in relative resourcesMen make more money for doing the same jobUniversalistic: (money) can be exchanged by almost anyoneParticularistic: (love) valuable sometimes to particular peopleSocial norms: Males have dominance and we’re governed by patriarchyMen have more power due to size and strength. The Process of PowerThey are not good at comprehending other’s points of viewThey pursue more attractive partnersLow power = depression, more cautious, and fear of punishmentConversationWomen speak with less power/strength Women are also interrupted more than they interruptNonverbal BehaviorPowerful people use large interpersonal distance, more intense facials, and areless symmetrical to use more spaceNonverbal SensitivityWomen are more accurate judgers and decodersThe subordinate will tend to keep track of boss’ feelings; not vice versaStyles of PowerExplicitly ask for what you want, straight forward, directHow people seek goals – reason, barging, bilateral (both members involved), unilateral (doing what you want along)Males tend to be direct bilateral, and Females tend to me indirect unilateral There isn’t a sex difference, but there is a gender differenceDisparities in power leads to dissatisfactionThe Outcome of PowerSeems subtle, fair, and equalEveryone win when power is sharedBoth partners should matter to the same extentThe Two Faces of PowerCommunal orientations can use power to benefit partnersInterdependent self-construal; more generous in disputesInterdependent, intimate relations, power can be good (influence)Could though possibly turn into violenceLecture 13 (April 7th) The Changing Rate of DivorceThe Prevalence of Divorce 2/3 of those married stay together for 10 yearsAverage marriage is 18 yearsMen average divorce age is 31 – Women’s average divorce age is 29Reason include that ½ of the population is married; ¼ kids have single parentThe Predictors of DivorceLevinger’s Barrier ModelFactors that influence break ups: attraction  rewards and cost | alternatives  being single, other options, or success | barriers  it’s hard to leaveOnce marital misery sets in, you overlook barriers. K and B Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation ModelEnduring vulnerabilities: diverse experiences in family origin, poor education, maladaptive personality traits, bad social skills, or dysfunctional towards marriage increase a chance in divorceAdaptive process: how people respond to stressMust cope and adapt in stressful situationsStress spill over: bring work issues and/or stress homeQuality of marriage emerges from who we are, circumstances we encounter, and how we respond to themResults from PAIR Project(Process of Adaptation in Intimate Relationships)Spouses who are destined to be discontent begin marriages being less in loveEnduring dynamics – couples bring problems to the marriageEmergent distress – problematic behavior begins after marriageDisillusionment – reality rolls in and couples try lessSize and speed in romance changes prediction in divorceResults from Early Years of Marriage ProjectBlacks cohabitated and had children before marriage.This is correlated with higher divorce rates among African AmericansPeople’s Personal Perceptions of their ProblemsCultural = no fault divorce lawsPersonal = Social networks (alternatives)Relations = Intimate environment that couples createWomen complain of infidelity, substance use, and abuse; Men complain of lack ofcommunication, or they just don’t know.Education and income also predict reason for divorceChapter 14 (April 14th)Maintaining and Enhancing RelationshipsStaying CommittedThose who expect relationship to continue perceive themselves, their partner, and relationships in ways to sustain partnershipThey avoid conflict and enhance relationshipsCognitive maintenance mechanismsCognitive Interdependence: Perceive greater overlap between the two (we, us, ours) Positive Illusions: Idealizing each other in best possible lightPerceived Superiority: Relationships is better than mostInattention to Alternatives: Uninterested in well-being somewhere elseDerogation of attempting alternatives: others are less attractiveBehavioral maintenance mechanismWillingness to sacrifice: travel cost, doing what you don’t likeMichelangelo phenomenon: encourage us to be who we want to beAccommodation: control impulse and respond constructivelySelf-control: manage impulse, control thoughts, preserve pursuit of desired goals, and curb unwanted behaviorHelps with forgiveness (no grudges) (fewer alternatives)Self-control decrease when tired, stressed, and distractedPlay: engage in new exciting activitiesForgiveness: promotes good health in the forgiver and the