PSYCH 3110Exam # 2 Study Guide Chapters: 5 - 7Chapter 5 (February 10th)COMMUNICATIONCommunication of course begins with the intentions of the sender. The mood, social skills,and environment may all interfere with how the message is encoded. This interference occurs when the receiver decodes. This results in an interpersonal gap which is when the intentions differ from effect of receiver. This chapter will cover nonverbal, verbal, and dysfunctional communication.NonverbalNonverbal communication first provides info about the meaning behind what people say. It also tends to regulate interaction. In result, you can determine if interaction even happens, aswell as follow nonverbal cues doing conversations. You can also define relationship status by the nonverbal cues of those who are intimate. The components below are all a part of the process of communicating nonverbally. Facial expressions: Expressions include being happy, sad, angry, disgusted, surprised,etc. These could be expressed by intensifying emotion such as exaggerating to show stronger feelings (What women do at baby showers). Minimizing is what men tend to do about crying; they appear less emotional. Neutralizing is withholding true feelings such as people playing poker. When replacing an emotion with a different one it is called masking. Women tend to do this in beauty pageants. When examining cultures, some men and women are expected to showcertain emotions and his others, this is referred to as display rules.Gazing Behavior: Gazing attracts people to you, or at least leads those to believe youmay be attracted to them. Gazing is the direction and the amount of looking behavior. Studies show in the visual dominance ratio that during ordinary conversations, people look at the otherperson sixty percent of the time when they’re listening, and forty percent of the time when they’re speaking. In high status conversations, they look forty percent of the time when they’re listening, and sixty percent of the time when speaking. Body Movement: Gestures tend to vary depending on the culture. The thumbs up may mean several different things when traveling. This makes gestures leakier. Touch: Different types of touches have different meanings. A love touch may be a stroke of the arm, a sympathy touch may be a pat on someone’s arm, and an angry touch may be a push. Touch is one of the most important senses as it conveys affection and healing. Interpersonal Distance: This distance is known as the physical space that separates two people. The intimate zone is a foot and a half from the front of the chest. (Intimate relationship) Personal zone is one half to four feet. (Friends) Social zone is four to twelve feet. (Meetings) Public zone is twelve feet and greater. (College classroom) Paralanguage: Paralanguage is every noise from your mouth besides the words. This includes rhythm, pitch, loudness, rate of voice, etc. People tend to feel more comfortable whenyou mimic or adopt similar postures or mannerisms. Smell: The brain is able to detect the difference in the emotion of people based on the way that they smell. Nonverbal sensitivity results in women being better at encoding and decoding. Nonverbal insensitivity makes a less rewarding partner.Verbal CommunicationSelf-disclosure is when people open up and share information about themselves. When people do this, they tend to like each other more. The social penetration theory suggest that relationships develop through systematic changes in communication. These changes include breadth (the variation of topics), and depth (the personal significance put into the topic). The interpersonal process model of intimacy suggest people be responsive showing that they understand and care. This can be done by engaging in meaningful self-disclosure, responding with interest and empathy, and recognizing responsiveness. Secrets can sometimes be kept from intimate partners. You should stay clear of taboo topics that may threaten the relationship. Sometimes couples tend to try to test their partners. One test is the triangle test where you observe the reaction of a spouse or partner to other attractive people. The endurance test is observing devotion. Lastly, the separation test is to see how a return (after an absence, or time away from partner) is welcomed.Gender Differences in Verbal CommunicationWomen talk more about feelings, relationships, personal life aspects, and they seek counsel. Men prefer to speak on objects, actions, celebrities, politics, and seek laughter. Womenare less indirect and less forceful. This may also be true for men if they are speaking on “womentopics”. Women tend to be more self-disclosing. Men will open up to women more than they will to other men. Dysfunctional CommunicationMiscommunication can be done in several of the following ways:Kitchen Sinking: Bring up several topics and never resolve issue.Off Beam: Skip topics.Yes-Butting: Agreeing, and then adding a “but” to it.Cross Complaining: Don’t acknowledge partner’s concerns.Negative Affect: Criticism, contempt, insult, and mockery.Defensiveness: Making excuses.Stonewalling: Silence.Belligerence: Saying, “What are you going to do about it?”To say what we mean we should avoid using words such as always or never. We should use I statements. (“I should/feel/think …) We should also use XYZ statement. (When you do “x”, in “y” situation, I feel “z”) We should also paraphrase when interacting in a conversation to get clarification. Perception checking is when you just ask for clarification. Being polite and staying cool help individuals to be more productive during conversations. We should change our way of thinking to avoid an increase in levels of anger. This can be doneby taking time out and breathing. Last but now least, we should respect and validate. This meaning that we should listen to what our partners have to say, not necessarily to agree, but to understand. Lecture 6 (February 17th) INTERDEPENDENCYThis chapter explains why we stay with or decide to leave our partners. The subject of course is based on interdependency, meaning our reliance on others for rewards. Topics cover the social exchange theory, the economics of relationships, how greedy we really are in relationships, and the nature of commitment. Social ExchangePositive exchanges are of course desired rewards in relationships. In result of the rewards and cost in the relationship, it effects our outcomes. Again rewards