PSYC 3110 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Chapters: 8 - 11Chapter 8 (March 3rd)LOVEHistory of LoveLove varies based on culture (desire), sexuality, sexual orientation, and marital status. Long ago, Greeks admired platonic love, nonsexual adoration of a beloved person between two men.Egyptians would marry siblings.Rome produced children for the purpose of marriage.Heterosexual love came to be due to knights seeking a noble quest. This was known as courtly love. The knight would tend to be single, but seek married women. During the Middle Ages marriage was due to politics and property and involved no romance.Marrying for love is due to individualism, economic prosperity, and the lack of caste or ruling class.There may be diverse forms of love.Types of LoveThe components of love are intimacy (warmth, trust, and support), passion (arousal, desire, and excitement), and commitment (stability).Intimacy is the emotional component, passion if the motive, and commitment is the cognitive.Non-love: All components of love are absent; this counts as casual relationships.Liking: Intimacy is high, passion and commitment are low. This counts as friends.Infatuation: Passion is high, intimacy and commitment are low. Liking strangers.Empty love: Commitment is high, intimacy and passion low. Beginning of arranged marriage. Romantic love: Intimacy and passion are high. Combination of liking and infatuation.Companionate love: Intimacy and commitment are high. Results in closeness and communication.Fatuous love: Passion and commitment are high. Two people marry quickly.Consummate love: All components are present. Psychological PerspectivePassion and intimacy are distinct. (The regions in the brain differ)Three biological experiences control love experiences.Lust: sex drive, hormones, and reproduction.Attraction: dopamine increases (excites), and serotonin decreases.Attachment: comfort and security, compassionate love, neuropeptide oxytocinlevels increase.Romantic Passionate LovePassion influences our feelings or romantic loveArousal1) Physiological = heart beat increases2) Belief another person is cause of arousal Effects of arousal do not depend on type produced. (positive or negative)The major difference between lovers and friends may be imagination.Love causes self-concepts to expand as partners bring new experiences and new roles.Companionate loveLongevity, comfortable, and affectionate are all common things.Long relationships because you “like” spouse and they are your BFF.A PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONOxytocin involved  promotes relaxation and reduces stressProduction of oxytocin = biological basis for feelings and companionate loveCompassionate loveAltruistic care and concern for well-being of partner.Trust, understanding of intimacy, care, empathy, and selflessness are components.Compassion, companion, and romantic love share intimacy.Recognize differences in partner unlike romantic love.Styles of LovingEros: “erotic”: Influenced by physical appearance; love at first sight.Ludus: (MEN) Uncommitted game, several partners at once. Storge: (Women) De-emphasize strong emotions and seek friendships.Mania: Demanding, possessive, vivid fantasy, and obsessions.Agape: Giving, altruistic, and selfless. (love is a duty)Pragma: (Women) Seek partners who will logically be good matches.Storge, mania, and pragma have little in common with romantic, compassionate, and companionate love.Intimacy, passion, commitment positively relate to eros and agape, and negatively toludus.Individual and Culture Differences in LoveCulturesThe U.S. describes falling in love with looks, China describes with personality, opinions, and arousal.US = fairy tale love China = love is mixed blessingsChoice of spouse in China is more so a family decision.Attachment StylesIntimacy: Secure people have high regard of others, and are open with partners. Insecure people view others with suspicion. Secure people enjoy greater intimacy.Passion: Preoccupied experience apprehension in intimate interactions rather thandelight. Avoidant are detached, and passion in impersonal. Secure people have better sex.Commitment: Secure people are more committed than insecure people.Care and Caregiving: Insecure people are less effective givers. Avoidant may get angry when asked to provide comfort. Anxious people offer a lot of help selfishly. AgeAs people age they have more relationships, and they last longer.Experience from past relationships makes a difference in aging.Emotions become less intense.More good cheer, and less physical arousal.Less emotional intensity and more mature outlook on love.Men and WomenMen tend to be more dismissing, but there is a small difference.Women experience more volatile emotions.Rarely any difference between male and female measure of romantic feelings.Men have more romantic attitudes such as loving someone enough and nothing else matters.Men tend to love at first sight.Women are slower to love.Men are less discriminating due to acceptance of casual sex.Men put more stock in passion and think it should be more passionate.Commitment is the best satisfaction for women.Does Love LastProbably not; especially not to expected extent.Divorces occur more frequently in fourth year of marriage.Why doesn’t romantic love last?Fantasy enhances romance which erodes with time.Sheer novelty adds excitement to the new love.Coolidge effect: replacing old partner with new one results in 2-3 more ejaculations.Arousal fades as time goes by. So What Does the Future HoldBecause fantasy, arousal, and novelty decreases, romantic love decreases.Burning love is not the same = reason for divorce rateCompanionate love keeps people togetherBeing good friends may help to keep passion aliveWhen novelty is lose seek moreDon’t make passion the foundation of a relationshipIntimacy and Commitment increases as we ageLecture 9 (March 5th) SEXUALITYSexual AttitudesAttitudes about Casual SexPermissiveness with affection standard = disapprove sexual intercourse between those that are not committed to each other.Men have more permissive sexual values and attitudes.Men think sex without love is ok.Men regret inactions and women regret actions.There is a sexual double standard.Women who invite for sex are viewed favorably than men.Both that are promiscuous are judged negatively.Women are judged harsher for having diseases; and they are liked less if they are involved in a three some. Attitudes about Same Sex SexualityDecided to be more negativeThis