ANIMAL BEHAVIOR EXAM II STUDY GUIDECHAPTER 5: BEHAVIORAL GENETICS1.) DIVISION OF CHARACTERISTICS- Environmental: Language, religion- Interactional: Height, weight, skin color- Genetic: Blood type, eye color2.) DIVISION OF BEHAVIORS INTO INNATE OR LEARNED- It is naïve to do this because some hybrids (hybrid of Fischer’s love bird and Peach-faced love bird) do not show tucking behavior unlike their parents. 3.) HONEYBEES- Hygienic: If the workers detect a bee larvae are infected by the bacillus Paenibacillus larvae, they will uncap the cell and remove the diseased larvae- Cross true breeding homozygous hygienic bees and unhygienic beeso F1 generation: All heterozygotes and the phenotypes are unhygienic. Thus the hygienic allele is recessive. o F2 generation: ¼ uncap cells but do not remove larva, ¼ remove dead larva from previously uncapped cells, ¼ do not uncap or remove larva,¼ uncap cells and remove larvao This means that this is dihybrid4.) MUTATIONS AND KNOCK OUT GENESMutations: deliberately caused, using a mutagenizing technique such as chemicals orx-rays, there is no control over the site or extent of the damage or alteration of the DNA.- This technique usually leads to animals that are sick or dysfunctional, and because the mutations are random in nature, it is time-consuming and expensive.Knock-Out Genes: A specific gene is targeted and disrupted. The resulting animals are screend to find out which have the knockout gene in their DNA.- These animals are bred to create a strain of animals that are homozygous for the inactivated gene. - The resulting animals are then studied for any behavioral changes that might occur as a result of the inactivated gene.Pleiotropy: Single gene having multiple effectsEpistasis: Action of one gene affecting the action of one or more other gene can complicate the simple gene/behavior relationship5.) CROSS FOSTERING- Studies for multiple gene effects: twin and adoption studies, cross-fostering studies- Cross Fostering: Offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogatesExample: Great Egret chicks regularly commit siblicide and Great Blue Heron chicksrarely do. Mock hypothesized that if small bits of food were given by Great Egretparents to chicks, this enabled aggression and siblicide. When the Great Blue Heronchicks were give small bits of food by the Great Egret parents, they became siblicidal.Egret chicks remained aggressive even when given large pieces of food by the GreatBlue Heron parentsConclusion: Environment and Genetics can induce siblicide.6.) GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION OF BEHAVIOR- Most behavioral traits are polygenic, and thus the distribution is a normal curve- Another way to examine multigenic traits is by quantifying the amount of variance in a population due to the genes versus the environment- Vp = Vg + Ve- Variance of phenotype = Variance of genotype + Variance of environment- A graph of lower variance is skinnier (normal curve) than that of higher variance7.) HERITABILITY ANALYSES- This is a quantitative study of multigenic effects- Two types of heritability: o Broad senseo Narrow sense- The heritability characteristic is somewhere between 0 and 1- Broad sense heritability question: What proportion of the variance in a trait is attributable to genetic variance?- Broad sense heritability: measures the total proportion of variance in a trait, that is genetic variance as opposed to environmental varianceo Ex: raise mice in same environments, differences in behavior must be due to genetic varianceo Ex: raise mice in dramatically different environments, differences in behavior must be due to genetic and environmental variance8.) MEASURING BROAD SENSE HERITABILITYH = G/(G+E)H = heritabilityG = genetic varianceE = environmental varianceG + E = phenotypic variance9.) MEASURING NARROW SENSE HERITABILITYo Narrow sense heritability question: What portion of genetic variance is accessible to natural selection?o It can be used to predict how animals will respond to artificial or natural selection. If a trait has a high heritability, selection or controlled breeding canchange that trait. CHAPTER 6: EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR1.) EVOLUTION- Evolution: allele or genetic frequencies change over time- Microevolution: genetic change within populations or species- Macroevolution: evolutionary patterns of behavior recognizable above the species levelWe can examine microevolutionary changes in behavior by:- Looking at domestication- Looking at natural selection in the field2.) DOG EVOLUTION- Dogs descended from wolves- True dogs emerged 10-15,000 years ago when hominids moved from hunter-gatherer to settled agricultural societieso Dogs can carry extra meat and assist in finding preyo Dogs can have the ability of face orientation while wolves cannot do that- Much of the difference in dog behavior compared to wolves is due to behavioral selection pressure for agonistic (aggressive) or investigative behaviorso Wolves hunt in packs and wolves will slash and aim for neck (slash and retreat)o Dogs hang on to prey- After 35 generations of selective breeding for friendliness, silver foxes not only showed distinct behavioral differences, but also differences in appearanceo Foxes  Domesticated Foxes (wagged tails, whimpered, barked, whitepattern on forehead, floppy ears, brown fur, short legs and tail, shorterand wider snout, tail curled up  characteristics of young immature foxes) o Neoteny: retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood3.) OVIRAPTOR NEST AND OTHERS- Arrangement of eggs of dinosaur showed parental care- Bony protrusions of Hadrosaur were used for hooting acoustic communication- Saola: Area’s distinctive assemblage of species probably arose during a past period of geographic isolation4.) WHAT IS A SPECIES- Species: groups of interbreeding populations (biological species concept)- Members of the same species may differ in appearance- Two major requirements for speciation are:o Isolationo Time5.) ALLOPATRIC VS SYMPATRIC SPECIATION- Both cases begin with a single species occupying a relatively homogenous habitat- In allopatric speciation, the population is separated into two isolated populations by an impassable geographic barrier- In sympatric speciation, there are no physical barriers to movement, but different parts of the population become restricted to two different habitats. - In both cases, genetic drift or different environmental pressures cause the two populations to diverge genetically -