ANIMAL BEHAVIOR TERMSUngulate: Animal with hooves. They also have horns, and usually are ruminants. Examples include cow, deer, sheep, goat and moose. Sessile: immobileHox genes: a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of an organismProximate: factors operate in the day-to-day lives of individuals. Proximate causation: the immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying behaviorUltimate: factors encompass births and deaths of many generations or even entire taxaUltimate causation: the evolutionary reason for the existence of a behavior. In other words, why a behavior is expressedFitness: potential for an individual to contribute genes to next or future generations as a function of its adaptive traitsDiapause: reproductive dormancyCHAPTER 2 TERMSAnthropomorphism: the attribution of human characteristics to animals, objects andetc. Essentialism: species were viewed as STATIC entitiesNatural Selection: on the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspringEvolution: the genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Conspecifics: animals of the same speciesComparative Psychology: study of different animals’ behavior patterns in order to determine the general principles that explain their actions.Ethogram: a description and documentation of the behavioral patterns under studyComparative Method: created by George John Romanes. We can infer mental processes in other animals by comparing them to humans. Law of Parsimony: We do not interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher physical faculty if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale. Ethology: The systematic study of the function and evolution of behaviorBehavioral Ecology and Sociobiology: a study of the ways in which animals interact with their environments and the survival value of behavior. Both proximate and ultimate causes are studied.CHAPTER 3Conceptual: Import ideas generated from other subdisciplines and combine them in a new cohesive way. Theoretical: Generation of a mathematical modelEmpirical: Experiments either manipulative or observational designed to test a concept. Innate: behavior that has either a fixed genetic basis or a high degree of genetic preprogramming. Not purposeful, animals are unaware of what they are doing. Appetitive: behavior that is variable; searching behavior to find foodConsummatory: behavior that is nonvariable; eating foodFixed Action Pattern: highly stereotyped, innate behaviorSign Stimulus: an external sensory stimulus which triggers a fixed-action patternSupernormal Stimulus: abnormally enhanced stimuliPrecocial: stage of mature development upon hatching or upon birth. Birds tend to have these. Altricial: stage of undevelopment upon birth. Mammals tend to have these.Action Specific Energy: the amount of energy in the reservoirVacuum Activity: the level of the ASE can get so high that the FAP could occur in the absence of any stimulusDisplacement: When tendencies to engage in two different behaviors cause a third behaviorRedirected Activity: A behavior may be directed towards an inanimate object or subordinate animal. Intention Movements: incomplete or preparatory movements that occur at the beginning of an activity. Provide information about the activity a particular animal is about to perform and act as a signal to othersCHAPTER 4Natural Selection: The unequal survival and reproduction of organisms due to environmental forces, resulting in the preservation of favorable adaptationsArtificial Selection: a selective breeding procedure in which only those individuals with particular traits are chosen as breedersKin Selection: A type of natural selection that favors a certain allele because it increases the survival or reproductive success of relatives that bear the same alleleSexual Selection: A form of natural selection that depends not on the struggle for existence in relation to other organic beings or to external conditions but on a struggle between the individuals of one sex. Gene Pool: sum of the genes in a the populationGene Flow: the migration or movement of individuals or genetic material they carry from one population to another. Genetic Drift: Allele frequencies can change in small populations just due to chance occurrences such as population bottleneck or the founder