BIO 359KPRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BEHAVIORMolly CummingsOffice PAT 502TA: May DixonOffice PAT 104My Research:Focuses on Animal CommunicationPredicting Divergence in Animal Communication0246810-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5neuroserpin• Why do some species’ have divergent signals?• Can we predict behavior based on Brain responses?• Uncovering divergent mechanism for camouflageBreakdown of Grading:Exam I 25% (100 pts)Exam II 25% (100 pts)Independent Projects 25% (100 pts)Exam II I 25% (100 pts)Animal Behavior SyllabusInitial Introduction & Methods paper (min. 2 pages) 25% (25 points)Independent Project Paper (Intro & Methods + Results & Discussion ; min. 7 pages) 50% (50 points)Group Presentation (Oral presentation in class with powerpoint) 25% (25 points)ReadDateTOPICCh. 1 & p 103-109Jan 20 TIntroduction to Animal BehaviorJan 22 ThProximate vs Ultimate Ch. 10,11Jan 27 TGenetics of BehaviorJan 29 ThBehavioral GenomicsCh.11Feb 3 TNature vs Nurture (Genetics & Environment) IFeb 5 ThNature vs Nurture (Genetics & Environment) IIp. 407-420Feb 10 TDevelopment of Behavior (Hormones and Behavior) IFeb 12 ThDevelopment of Behavior (Hormones and Behavior) IIFeb 17 TEXAM 1Feb 19 ThIn Class Discussion of Group ProjectsCh. 5Feb 24 TForaging Behavior Feb 26 ThOptimal Foraging [ INTRO & METHODS DUE]Ch. 4,7,12Mar 3 TPredator AvoidanceMar 5 ThSexual Selection ICh. 4,7,8Mar 4 TSexual Selection IIMar 10 ThSexual Selection IIIMar 17 TSPRING BREAKMar 19 ThCH. 8Mar 24 TSexual Selection & Mating SystemsMar 26 ThMating SystemsCH. 9Mar 31 TEXAM 2Apr 2 ThParental Care ICH.2,3Apr 7 TParental Care IIApr 9 ThSocial Behavior ICH 13Apr 14 TSocial Behavior IIApr 16 ThEusocial BehaviorCH 14Apr 21 TPrimate Behavior [ Independent Project PaperDUE]Apr 23 ThHuman BehaviorApr 28 TEXAM 3Apr 30 ThGROUP PRESENTATIONS IMay 5 TGROUP PRESENTATIONS IIMay 7 ThGROUP PRESENTATIONS IIIAnimal Behavior Syllabus• Weeks 1- 5 (Reading, Introduction to Behavior Research)• Weeks 6-12 (less reading, more doing)• Weeks 13-15 (synthesizing & presentations)• **POP QUIZZES (5-10 questions): score below min-> points off next examExams:30% fill in the blanks + 70% short essayMaterial: Lecture andReadings (Alcock & Assigned)You’ll be asked to provide examples of particular concepts(e.g. Discussion Section Readings)Discussion Sections:Discussion sections(starts Tomorrow)1) Discuss Primary research in Animal Behavior***** 3 READINGS for Tomorrow—ON CANVAS2) Design & get Feedback for Independent ProjectsINDEPENDENT PROJECTS (25% grade)•3-5 students/group•EACH student hands in their own Intro/Methods paper (2 page min.)•Work as a group to Gather/Analyze/Interpret & Present Research•EACH student hands in their own Revised Intro/Methods/Results/Discussion paper (8 page min)Class EtiquettePlease be on time for classPlease do not talk to your classmates during class. Please do not leave class early and please switch your cell phones offPlease do not surf the Internet/Facebook during class (you will be more likely to be called upon by me)EvolutionPrinciples of Animal BehaviorBEHAVIORMolecular BiologyEcologyPhysiologyNeurobiologyPsychology• Behavior is at the Nexus of most disciplines in Biology• “Behavior is at the leading edge of evolutionary change.” – Ernst Mayr, 19639EvolutionMolecular Biology EcologyPhysiologyNeurobiologyPsychologyBEHAVIOR• “Behavior is at the leading edge of evolutionary change.” – Ernst Mayr, 1963• Pleiotropy• Major Gene Effects• Reproductive Isolation10Evolutionary Approach to Animal Behavior• Forming Hypotheses• Creating Predictions• Testing PredictionsEvolution : Change in Gene Frequency through time1) Natural Selection 2) Sexual Selection Heritable variation that leads to differential reproductive success3) DriftBehaviorAct on theIndividual1. Mutations cause variation in trait/behaviorvariationmeanThe Process of Selectione.g. e.g. quetzal tails2. Directional Selection can lead to evolution of extreme traits by favoring one end of variation (e.g. females prefer longer tails)New population has longer tails than original populationoriginal meanquetzalForms of Selection(apply to behavior too)e.g. Human body size Quetzal tails Mating tacticsForms of Selection(apply to behavior too)e.g. Human body size Quetzal tails Mating tactics“Why do animals behave the way they do?”Four Questions in Ethology (Levels of Explanation)• Causation(mechanism/physiology)• Ontogeny(development /acquisition)• Survival value (Adaptive Significance/ Function)• Evolution(history)Niko Tinbergen1963: “On aims and methods of ethology”16“Why do animals behave the way they do?”Four Questions in Ethology (Levels of Explanation)• Causation(mechanism/physiology)• Ontogeny(development /acquisition)• Survival value (Adaptive Significance/ Function)• Evolution(history)Ultimate Questions“why?”Proximate Questions“how” 17Proximate and Ultimate Questions• Proximate (how questions)– Sensory mechanisms– Internal structures– Neural regulation– Relationship between genes and behavior• Ultimate (why questions)– Function of the behavior– Affect on fitness– Evolution of behaviorSelection & Behavior:e.g. Ritualized Threat Displays• Boxing Walnut Flies• Rutting Red Deer• CichlidsFighting Walnut Flies: The four Steps of Ritualized Sequential Assessmenthttp://eebweb.arizona.edu/Animal_Behavior/sequential/sequential_kissclip.htmLevel One: chasing/butting/wing-flickingLevel Two: boxingLevel Three: escalationLevel Four: the kissWhy Do Fighting Walnut Flies Determine Territorial Disputes in this Manner? http://eebweb.arizona.edu/Animal_Behavior/sequential/sequential_kissclip.htmLevel One: chasing/butting/wing-flickingLevel Two: boxingLevel Three: escalationLevel Four: the kissOur Predictions?Selection & Behavior:e.g. Ritualized Threat DisplaysWHY?1. roaring2. parallel walk3. fighting3 Stages in DisplayOur Predictions?Selection & Behavior:e.g. Ritualized Threat DisplaysWHY?1. roaring2. parallel walk3. fighting3 Stages in DisplayOur Predictions?Selection & Behavior:e.g. Ritualized Threat DisplaysWHY?1. roaring2. parallel walk3. fighting3 Stages in Display(from Clutton-Brock & Athon, 1979(from Clutton-Brock & Athon, 1979(from Clutton-Brock & Athon, 1979(from Clutton-Brock & Athon, 1979http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8997180423329131090&q=Red+Deer&hl=enTesting Predictions of EscalationStep 1: Lateral