PSY 3711 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I Why should we care about performance appraisal II Performance appraisal substance III Performance appraisal process Outline of Current Lecture IV What is training V Learning and motivation VI Importance of training VII How should we train Current Lecture I II What is training a Ideal systematic planned attempt to increase knowledge and skill or choice behavior through formal instruction and learning b Can be organization focused or person focused c Is becoming more complex the focus is on development instead of training d Learning basic foundation for training i Relatively permanent change in behavior and human capabilities produced by experience and practice ii 3 broad categories of learning outcomes 1 cognitive outcomes 2 skill based outcomes 3 affective outcomes iii We will distinguish between learning and training task performance how well you perform in training will not lead to learning e g cramming for an exam Learning and motivation a Goal orientation i Performance orientation 1 Concerned with doing well 2 Abilities are static unchangeable 3 Errors and mistakes are unacceptable ii Mastery learning orientation 1 Concerned with getting better 2 Abilities can be improved with practice These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III IV 3 Errors and mistakes are part of learning 4 Mastery is better because we want to be focused on the learning task b Approach vs avoidance goals i Positively valued outcomes goals are approached ii Negatively valued outcomes goals are avoided trying to not be bad iii Approach oriented leads to better outcomes iv Both of these styles are based in stable individual differences c Aptitude X treatment interaction i Initial properties of the learner which interact with learner ii Different people may learn differently iii Need to do a cost benefit analysis to see if this is feasible 1 Commonly proposed a Motivation e g approach avoidance x level of teaching structure b Cognitive ability x level of teaching structure c Learning style x teaching style no evidence that this actually occurs Importance of training a Training involves a lot of people more than all students currently at all universities and 2 4 year colleges combined b Some have argued that because of a perceived skills gap training will be more important as time goes on c Skills gap i Not everyone believes that a skills gap exists ii Some economists have argued that there is no evidence for a skills gap iii Because of likely downturn people are unlikely to provide training for people they may have to lay off more likely to be more selective about hiring d General concerns in training i Identify training needs identify training methods evaluate training effectiveness ii What needs to be trained how should we conduct the training did the training work Relationship with I O a Many people often put trianign under the industrial side beause of its relationship with selecting whom to train b Also helps with the organization and training current employees so it is somewhat on the O side c Cognitive task analysis V i Used to examine the difference between an expert and a novice ii Create a mental model of how tasks are represented identify info used identify skills used identify specific strategies procedures iii Goal is to learn the way experts do it How should we train a Have people actually do things b Helps them remember better c Onsite methods i On the job training very popular sometimes badly done ii Apprenticeship iii Job rotation d Off site methods i Lecture conferences ii Programmed instruction on computer iii Simulators and role play exercises 1 Controlled reproducibility 2 Safety considerations 3 Learning considerations iv Web based training 1 Best of several worlds can be conducted on site or off site can include a combination of other methods can offer automated individualized attention provide real time feedback 2 Problems comparative effectiveness is unknown technological roadblocks unknown moderators