PSY 3711 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. IntelligenceII. Early history of cognitive abilityIII. CHC: hierarchical synthesisIV. Investment theoryV. Major distinction in I/OVI. Measurement of abilitiesVII. Validity of general cognitive abilityVIII. Job complexityIX. Ability and contextual performanceOutline of Current LectureI. What do we mean by personality?II. HistoryIII. Utility of personality traitsCurrent LectureI. What do we mean by personality?a. Ending dispositions or individual attributesb. Consistently distinguish people from one another c. Basic tendencies to think, feel, and act in certain waysII. Historya. Lexical hypothesis i. GaltonThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Language is adaptation that helped humans survive by communicating critical infoiii. Human characteristics that matter will eventually become part of their languageiv. Personality traits should be contained in the lexiconb. Allport and Odberti. Reviewed Webster’s dictionary and identified 17953 relevant terms to describe human personality or behaviorii. Categorized into 4 columns  traits, states, evaluations, miscellaneous person descriptionsiii. Traits is the most important of the 4c. Cattelli. Analyzed Allport and Odbert’s column 1 train descriptors of 4000+ termsii. Collapsed list through subjective judgments and empirical analyses 1. Grouped synonyms into clusters2. 100 adult rated by peers and resulting correlation matrix examined3. Lead to 60, then 35 clusters4. Collected a new set of rating on the 35 clusters5. Factor analysis led to 16 factors  16PFiii. The analyses have not been successfully replicated  computational errors may have been maded. Emergence of 5 factor model i. Fiske was first to obtain a 5 factor solutionii. Tupes and Christal re-analyzed Cattell’s data on 35 clusters, and 7 other data sets based on a subset of Cattell’s factors. Looked for a solution with  small number of factors and uncorrelated factors iii. Results were a 5 factor modeliv. Norman independently analyzed Allport and Odbert’s terms and also found 5 factor solutione. A near-death experience!i. Mischel published a very influential book attacking the concept of traits  argue that situations are better for explaining behavior  personality traits validity ceiling of r=.30ii. Guion and Gottier published an influential article that was interpreted as arguing that personality predictors were of little useiii. Personality fell out of favor with I/O because of concerns over invasiveness, perception that faking was a problem, and poor criterion related validitiesIII. Utility of personality traits a. Taxonomiesi. 4 purposes1. provide a common language for entities under study2. facilitates description of similarities and differences among entities3. allows for the measurement and prediction of variables4. serves as the basis for theoretical concepts in a fieldii. Evolution of taxonomies through 3 stages1. Relatively subjective, arbitrary catalogues of convenience2. Descriptive models based on objective similarities/differences among phenomena under study3. Theory-driven, casual models for entities of studyiii. Personality research moving from 2 to 3 currentlyiv. Taxonomy of personality traits1. Although other models exist, FFM is the most widely used taxonomy of personality traits2. Personality traits are hierarchically organized  one integrated taxonomy across abnormal and normal personality3. 3 levels (at minimum) of abstractiona. level 3- super domain (metatraits; higher order traits)b. level 2- domain (factors, dimensions)c. level 1- sub-domain level (aspects, facets)4. multidimensional in naturea. higher level traits are composed of the shared variance among their lower level trait dimensionsb. e.g. extraversion is constituted by the variance shared by assertiveness, positive emotions, sociability)c. higher level traits are frequently conceptualized as causal sources of subordinate traits  this is debatable5. limitations  benefits of parsimony and simplicity of taxonomies come at the expense of accuracy and the reality that humans are very complexb. Emotional stability/neuroticism  volatility, withdrawalc. Agreeableness  politeness, compassiond. Conscientiousness  industriousness, orderlinesse. Extraversion  assertiveness, enthusiasmf. Openness/intellect  intellect, opennessg. Big 5 factors are not correlated but have stable, higher-order solutions of two metatraits  alpha/stability and beta/plasticity h. Criticism of big 5i. Not comprehensive  missing traitsii. Based on an overly narrow set of descriptorsiii. Factors are too broad or