BIOL 1112 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: Week 7-9Lecture 1 (Week 7)Evolution- Evolution1. Evolutiona. Evolution is the theory that explains how all living organisms are related, howexisting species adapt to their environment, and how new species arrive.1.) Biological evolution – originally defined as descent with modification, or change in the characteristics of populations over time due to inherited genetic material.2.) Genetic evolution – currently defined as changes in allele frequencies over time.b. Micro evolution consist of changes happening within a species and the characteristics of a population while macroevolution, consist of changes that occur over long periods of time an result in origin of a new species. (result of microevolution)c. Theory of evolution – All species present on earth today are the descendants of a single ancestor, and all species represent the product of millions of years of accumulated evolutionary changes. - Charles Darwin1. He is credited with introducing the concept of evolution into mainstream science. 2. During his voyage on the H.M.S Beagle, the rainforests of Brazil, fossils he collected, and the birds and reptiles of the Galapagos island influenced him.- Natural Selection1. Four main principles of natural selectiona. Individuals in a population vary one from anotherb. Variations are inheritedc. In every population, many offspring die before maturity (differential survivald. Survival is not random2. Artificial selection – Selection imposed by human choice3. Modern Synthesis – the union of genetics and evolution4. Genetic Drift – is the random change in allele frequencies a. Founder’s Effect – special case of genetic drift1.) A few leave to begin a new population, they are genetically different, in the habitat the new population may adapt in different ways- Speciation1. Speciation is when a species branches off from another onea. Biological species concept- sometimes different species can interbreed, especiallyplants, asexual reproducers don’t breed, fossils cannot be classified by breeding.2. Evolutionary tree are like family trees. Cosely related species are grouped together. DNA evidence is the best way to construct the tree. Species with similar DNA are more closely related and are grouped together on the tree.Darwins first drawn evolutionary tree- Terms to review1. Endemic2. Fitness3. Adaptation4. Reinforcement5. Biological classification6. Anatomical and developmental homology7. Vestigial raits8. Biogeograpgy9. ConsilienceLecture 2 (Week 7)Evolution of Disease- Your body as an ecosystem1. 10% of your body cells are yours2. How bacteria can help/harm youa. Aid with digestionb. Produce vitaminsc. Serve protective functions such as displacing pathigens, and producing antimicrobial factorsd. Bacteria can induce toxin production and begin attacking the host- Antibiotic resistance1. Bacteria can adapt and find ways to survive the effects of antibiotics, eventually becoming resistant2. Penicillin3. 4 ways organisms can develop resitance genesa. Blockage of antibiotic – changing of the cll membrane so anitibiotic can’t get inb. Degredation – somodifying of the enzyme so it breaks down the antibioticc. Alteration – altering of the structure of the antibiotic’s target so its no longer vulnerabled. Removal – foring of a pump tbacteria that pumps out the antibiotic before it can cause damge4. Horizantal gene transfer – bacteria can get DNA from thei neigbors bya. Transformationb. Transductionc. Conjugation 5. Why are some diseases more deadly?a. Virulence – the ability to cause damage or death6. Trade offs – if it favors a milder disease to increase transmission, the pathogen will be milder. If the trade off favors causing serious damage to the host, the pathogen will be more virulent- New diseases1. Sourcesa. Existing species can evolve into a new strainb. You can catch the diseases of other speciesc. Species that normally live in soil or water can invade your body2. Four stagesa. Exposure – something occurs that brings the pathogen in contact with usb. Infection – pathogen invades us and reproduces insidec. Transmission – a small numberof micorbes can be transmitted to another persond. Epidemic – fewer still can establish an infection that spreads throught a large population.- Disease control1. Controlling diseasea. Antibiotic resistance - Reduce the use of antibiotics allowing other types of bacteria to completeb. Vaccinations – administer material to provoke the development of immunity2. Vaccines are created from pathogen proteins, fragments of the pathogen’s cells or dead ones. They must then be purified and inactivated or weakened - Terms to know1. Ecology2. Commensalism3. Mutualism4. Quorum Lecture #3 (Week 8)Ecology- Terms and levels of organization1. Ecology is the scientifics study of interactions among organisms and between them and their environment, or surroundings2. Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment, like air. Biotic factors are the living organisms.3. Levels of organizationa. Individualb. Populationc. Communityd. Ecosysteme. Biomef. Biosphere - Habitat adaptions1. Adapting to physical conditions – species adjust sleeping habits2. Adapting to limited shelter – often families stay together- Species and competition1. Exploitation – an interaction between two species where one benefits and the other is harmed2. Mutualism – both species benefit3. Competitive exclusion principle4. This principle states that two competitors cannot coexist5. Niche – the particular set of resources a species uses to survive.6. Types of exploitationa. Predation, browsing and grazing, parasitism and disease. Different than competition. Exploited species benefit from avoiding interaction exploiters depend on it.- Ecologial interactions1. Biological control is where we introduce predators of a pest into an area.2. A keystone species is one that has an unsually large effect on the ecosystem. They basically can create thins in the ecosystem that other species need.3. A food web is a diagram of the feeding relationships in the ecosystem.4. The levels of the food web area. Producersb. Primary consumersc. Secondary consuersd. Tertiary consumers etc.5. Nutrient cyclesa. Carbon cycle – refers to the movement of carbon throughout the ecosystemb. Oxygen cycle – movement of oxygenc. Nitrogen cycle – movement of nitrogen6. Ecosystem services – naturally