Biology 1112 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Week 4 (Lecture 1)DNA Synthesis, Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis- Cell division is the process of one cell dividing into two. It produces new cells and allows us to grow and become adults. It helps us heal wounds and replace damaged and old cells.- DNA Replication is creating a duplicate copy of all DNA in a cell. It happens in the nucleus of the cell.1. Mitosis – Cell division – movement of chromosomes into genetically identical daughter cells.a. Produces daughter cells that are the exact copy of the parent. Happens to non-sex cells called somatic cells (skin, bone, etc.) Asexual.b. Step one: Interphase: DNA replication in the nucleus. Most of cells time spent here. Chromosomes replicate. Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids, cell grows.c. Step two: Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle forms.d. Step three: Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the centere. Step four: Anaphase: Spindle fibers pull chromatids apart, chromatids migrate to separate polesf. Step five: Telophase/cytokinesis: Nuclear membrane reforms, cell pinches in two2. Meiosis: Division of sex cells called gametes. Eggs and sperm are produceda. Meiosis I: occurs in four stages1.) Interphase – growth and chromosomes replicate2.) Prophase I – Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, crossing over3.) Metaphase I – Homologues line up in the center, random alignment4.) Anaphase I – Homologues separate to opposite poles5.) Telophase I – Nuclear Membranes form6.) Cytokinesis – cell pinches in 2.7.) Each daughter cell is a haploid. b. Meiosis II – second round of cell division1.) Prophase II – Chromosomes attach to spindle2.) Metaphase II – Chromosomes line up in the center3.) Anaphase II – Chromosomes separate4.) Telophase II - Nuclear membrane reforms5.) Cytokinesis II – cell pinches in two6.) End result of meiosis is 4 haploid daughter cellsc. Mistakes 1.) Too many or too few chromosomes results from homologues (or sister chromatids) not separating called non-disjunction. Presence of an extra chromosome is call trisomy. Absence of a homologous pair is monosomyd. Mutation is a physical change in the DNA- Terms to know1. DNA Replication2. Sister Chromatid3. DNA polymerase4. Mitosis5. Meiosis6. Growth factorsWeek 4 (Lecture 2) Cancer- Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth caused by caused by genetic mutations that regulate cell division1. 3 ways cancer can make you sicka. Tumor formation – if cell division is not regulated, tumors form. Tumors grow and impair organ functionb. Metastasis – Cancer cells enter the bloodstream, producing secondary tumorsc. Angiogenesis – blood vessels are routed to the tumor, depriving normal cells of oxygen.2. 3 ways cancer is treateda. Surgery – localized tumorsb. Radiation – exposes cancer cells to x-raysc. Chemotherapy – drugs that inhibit cell division3. Ways cancer can be preventeda. Don’t smokeb. Maintain balanced diet, exercisec. Avoid excess alcohold. Avoid known carcinogense. Get regular check ups- Terms to know1. Tumor2. Benign3. Malignant4. Metastasis5. Angiogenesis6. ApoptosisWeek 5 (Lecture 3)Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics- Inheritance of traits1. We inherit genetic material from our parents that is stored in the sperm and egg thatcome together during reproduction2. Sexual Reproduction fuses two gametes, daughter cells are genetically unique3. Asexual Reproduction involves a single parent, daughter cells are genetically identical4. Mutations produce different versions of genes (alleles), with different results- Mendelian Genetics1. Gregor Mendel is the father of modern genetics. He was the first to accurately describe rules of inheritance for simple traits2. Mendelian traits are influenced by a single gene. Examples of these are earwax, andchin clefts. A polygenic trait is influenced by multiple genes.3. A Punnett square is a graphic way to predict possible cross between two alleles. 4. Pedigree analysis is used to determine inheritance pattern of a trait. Helpful in paternity testing.- Quantitative Genetics1. Quantitative traits show continuous variation – large range of phenotypes. Variation due to both genetic and environmental differences.- Terms to know1. Gametes2. Zygotes3. Genes4. Chromosomes5. Genotype6. Phenotype7. Heterozygous8. Homozygous9. Dominant trait10. Recessive trait11. Dihybrid12. Epigenetics13. Pedigrees14. Pangenesis15. PolygenicWeek 5 (Lecture 4)Genetic Engineering in Plants- Plants and plant structures1. Four main plant organsa. Stem – connects the plant’s roots to its leaves and flowers, structural supportb. Roots – anchors the plant to its surface and absorbs water and nutrients from thesoilc. Flower – he part of the plant that’s used for sexual reproduction, produces seeds and fruitsd. Leaf – typically a broad, flat structure attached to the stem, where photosynthesis occurs and food molecules are made.2. Photosynthesisa. Process through which plants convert solar energy to food, Occurs in the leaves- Genetic Engineering in plants1. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) have altered genetic material.a. 3 main types1.) Pesticide resistance2.) Herbicide resistance3.) Increased nutritional valueb. Example – Golden Rice1.) It’s made by…a.) Define the problem – rice plants don’t make vitamin A in endosperm, missing two enzymes (psy and crt1)b.) Clone the genes – identified psy gene from daffodils and crt1 from bacteriumc.) Package the genes – Extra DNA added to beginning and end of gene to ensureinsertiond.) Transformation – transform the cell - cell takes in and uses DNA from a foreign sourcee.) Confirm the strain - Rice plant fragments were isolated and allowed to grow2. Other ways Genetic engineering is useda) Medicine – insulinb) Industry – Bioremediation – bacteria engineered to clean up oil spillsc) Industry - Bioleaching – bacteria engineered to dissolve metals from ored) Research – Specific genes removed in knockout mice strainse) Novelty – Glofish3. Concernsa) Safetyb) Economic Considerationsc) Effectiveness- Terms to know1. Xylem2. Phloem3. Cloning4. Transformation5. Bioleaching6. Bioremediation7. Horizontal gene transferWeek 6 (Lecture 5)Health Center and the Human Genome- The human genome1. The Human Genome Project is a US gov’t project coordinated by the Department of