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UNT BIOL 1112 - Exam 4 Study Guide
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BIOL 1112 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Weeks 10-12Lecture 1 (Week 10)Human Population and Growth- Population Structure1. Measured bya. Basic census – all individuals countedb. Mark-recapture method – some individuals trapped, marked and released note number of marked individuals in later captures2. Different ways they can be disperseda. Clumped – high densities in resource-rich areas, low density elsewhereb. Uniform distribution – spacing between individuals tends to be equalc. Random distribution – no compelling feature pushing individuals together or apart- Population Growth1. Three typesa. Linear growth – growth that proceeds at the same rate over a given time frameb. Exponential growth – growth that proceeds at an increasing rate over a given time framec. Compounding – occurs if new entities are themselves capable of creating new entitiesd. We determine growth rate by – Growth rate = birth rate – death ratee. Limits on population growth1.) Density dependent factors – factors that increase with population size (i.e.) limited food supply, increased risk of disease, increase in waste levels)2.) Density independent factors – not influenced by population numbers (i.e. droughts, temp. extremes, natural disasters)f. We haven’t reached capacity because…..1.) We expand into new habitats2.) Increase the agricultural productivity of the land3.) Avoid problems that usually accompany higher densitiesg. Current population1.) U.S - 320,643,5652.) World - 7,235,224,455h. How does gender influence population growth?1.) Females have a greater impact on growth population than males2.) Not all females impact population growth equally3.) Depends on age, whether they are in their reproductive phase or not has thateffect- Demography1. An age pyramid is a snapshot of the population at a given time and displays the number of individuals in age categories. Wide Based Vertical Sides Tampere Baseda. The shape can tell us a lot about conditions in the country and about social challenges that are likely2. Demographic Transitiona. Predevelopment – birth and death rates are highb. Transition – death rates drop, population increasesc. End – population levels off- Terms to now 1. Census, Mark-recapture, Clumped, Uniform and random distribution, Equilibrium, Density dependent v. density independent factors, Carrying capacity, Total fertility, Birthrate Lecture 2 (Week 10) Homeostasis & Intro to the Human Body- Levels of Organization In the Human Body1. Cells – basic unit of life2. Tissues – clusters of cells preforming similar function3. Organs – made of tissues that perform one specific function4. Organ systems – groups of organs that perform a specific purpose in the human body5. Four types of tissuesa. Connective – composed of cells arranged within an extracellular matrix that givesshape, structure, and support to other body tissues1.) Connective tissue proper – soft and flexible extracellular matrix. Serves to cushion, lubricate and insulate other tissues and connect bones to muscles or other bones. (i.e. soft padding under skin, ligaments)2.) Special connective tissue – has liquid or rigid extracellular matrix. (i.e. bone, cartilage, blood)b. Epithelial tissue – a layer of cells that act as a barrier between the insides and outside of an organism, and around body cavities and organs. It functions as protection, transport and secretionc. Muscle Tissue – composed of cells that can contract, which allows muscle tissue to generate movement or pump fluids through the body1.) Skeletal – movement2.) Cardiac – muscle in the heart that pumps blood3.) Smooth – generates slow rhythmiccontractions to move food or other substances through the bodyd. Nerve Tissue –responsible for use of the communication in the body1.) Neurons – cells that revive and transmit signals2.) Glial cells – assist neurons by insulation, protecting, and regulating their chemical environment, holding them in place, destroying pathogens, and providing nutrients and oxygen6. The purpose of the 11 organ systems in the body is to maintain homeostasis- Homeostasis and Temperature Control1. Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions despite fluctuating environment. Homeostasis keeps the body working efficiently at its normal temp 98.6. a. Feedback loops – 2. The hypothalamus, at the base of the brain, controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue and sleep It is connected to the pituitary gland which secretes regulatory hormones3. How the body cools itselfa. Convection – heat flows from a warmer solid object to a cooler moving fluid like a liquid or gas that surrounds itb. Evaporation – sweatc. Radiation – heat transferred through infrared rays. We give off heat thanks to dilated blood vesselsd. Conduction – heats flows from a warmer solid to a cooler solid.4. How the body heats itselfa. Shivering increases metabolic rate and generates heatb. Closing down blood supply to extremities to reduce het lossc. Insulation reduces heat loss through radiation5. Conscious behavior – can induce effectors- Terms to know1. Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Sensor, Effector, Controller, Negative feedback, Metabolism, Basal metabolic rate, Convection, Evaporation, Radiation, ConductionLecture 3 (week 11)The Integumentary systemSkeletal, and Muscular-The Integumentary System1. Consists of the skin (epidermis and the dermis), subcutaneous tissue, hair and nails. It protects the body from injury, dehydration, pathogens, excretes waste, detects external stimuli2. 3 pigments Melanin(brown/black), carotene(yellow/orange), and hemoglobin (red) determine skin color3. Hair color is defined by the type and amount of pigment made in the stratum basale4. Hair grows when the cells divide in the bulbs and push their way up from your scalp5. Sweat Glandsa. Merocrine – entire skin surface except nipples and part of external genitaliab. Apocrine – axillary, anal, and genital areas. (modified: ceruminous secrete ear wax. Mammary – secrete milk)c. Sebaceous – oil glands, associated with hair follicle. Secretes sebum. Acne = blocked sebaceous gland-Skeletal System1. Has two main unitsa. Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs. Supports and protects organs of the head, neck, and trunkb. Appendicular – limbs and girdle. Includes bones of limbs that to the axial skeleton.c.


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UNT BIOL 1112 - Exam 4 Study Guide

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