SOCI 1311 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-15Lecture 10(Feb. 26) I. Deviance- any violation of a social norm.II. Conformity- following the norms.III. Range of Tolerance- the scopes of behaviors considered acceptable before defining someone/something as deviant. Getting away with things until there is a penalty. IV. Over-Conformity- person who follows the norms too closely (teacher’s pet)V. Under-Conformity- doing the minimum that is required (class clown)VI. Stigma- any characteristic that sets people apart & disqualifies them from full participation in society. Society attaches a label to you. VII. Ways of Evaluating Deviance1. Time (history)- things deviant now but not back then 2. Place (environment)- what’s conformist over here may be deviant over there.3. Situation (context)- what is happening in that moment (self-defense)4. Culture- what’s ok in one culture may not be ok in another.VIII. Popular Explanations for DevianceGenetics (biology)- certain people carry genes that cause them to do certain things (crime).Religious- “evil sprits told me to do it” If you have good morals, you’re less likely to commit a crime.The Medical Model-describes deviance as an illness rather than a social problem.We think people do crazy things because they are sick.Terminology- symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, etc. Medicalization of Society- when people behave in ways we don’t understand.Media- does TV and music make people violent?Lecture 11 (March 3) I. Theories of Crime & Deviance A. Structural Functionalism-Classic Strain TheoryRobert Merton (1942)The pressure we feel when we believe we cannot reach our financial &professional goals. Explaining Strain: All Americans believe in the American dream. Some people have an easier time achieving theirAmerican dream than others.Our beliefs of a better life causes crime (emphasis onsucceeding) Adaptations to Strain: Conformity- we live with the strain & do not commit crime, believe in the American dream. (skipping classes-now attending classes)Innovation- believes in American dream, finds creative or illegal ways toachieve dreams. (drug dealers) Ritualism- do it out of habit. Goes to class to socialize, no longer believesin American dream, does not commit crime, does not try to better his life.Retreatism- no American dream, dropped out of society (harmless, munks, drugaddicts, dropouts)Rebellionism- no American dream, dropped out but wants to change society.(gangs, high school shooter)B. Conflict Theory- norms & laws represent the values of the ruling class.-Core Postulates --Some laws benefit some people more than others (poll taxes, voter IDlaws)--The enforcement of the law is not equal to everyone--There are different penalties for the same crime (minor/adult trials)--Police are used to control population in certain areas of town. (thepowerful people/system are using the police unequally) C. Symbolic Interactionism -Labeling Theory- society places a stigma (label) individuals in ways that helpcreate more deviance.Primary vs. Secondary DeviancePrimary- commits crime but doesn’t see self as criminal.Secondary- goes to jail, gets out and cannot get a job, sees self ascriminal, comes out as a better criminal. -Differential Association Theory- Edwin Sutherland, we learn deviance throughour associations/people we interact with. D. Social Control Theory- Why do we follow the rules, what causes conformity.Internal (self) vs. External (social) controlInternal- some have more control than others.External- there are things that happen we can’t control, just react to, some of ushave more of a fear than others. Things that stop us from committing crime- police, jail, family, money. Social Bonds- the more connected we are to society the less likely for crime. II. Types of CrimeCrime- any act violating criminal law.A. Property (street) Crime- nonviolent offences (robbery, vandalism)B. Violent Crime- murder, assault, rape, forcible robbery, every 33 min. crime/murder occurs, every 5 min. rape occurs/is reported, theory of rape happens every 2 mins.C. White Collar- technology—using tech to take things from others. ( Target shopping, ID theft)D. Victimless/Public Order- the willing exchange of illegal goods/services among adults. (prostitution, drugs, gambling)-underground economy-legalization/gov. regulation-reduce competition Lecture 12 (March 17) - It is against the American system to belong to a class, but it exists.- As we move on through life we separate ourselves from people who do not fit in our class. This is often done unconsciously. - Social classes = inequality- Stores even have items that certain classes would be able to identify and use.- The higher the family’s income = less white bread consumption.- Wasp & silver spoon people have been handed everything, they have a preplanned life.Lecture 13 (March 19) Social Differentiation- The process by which people are set apart & treated differently on the basis of their status or some other social characteristic. Social Inequality- A condition in society where people have unequal access to wealth, power, & prestige.Stratification- Social forces & merit- A form of inequality in which large groups of people are ranked in a hierarchy on the basis of wealth, power, & prestige.Life-Chance Opportunities- The reasonable expectation that a person has to achieve their American dream.Open vs. Closed Society- In an opened society you can change your status, the boundaries are less firm. Closed- a society where social boundaries are very firm and remain that way. Social Mobility- The idea that we can move up & down the class position (upward vs. downward)Inter vs. Intra- generationalInter- we can look back at our family & see that things have improved.Intra- how much change has happened within one generation. Comparing brothers & sisters, cousins, we look back at our own life. Systems of StratificationSlavery- one person is free, the other person is property.Caste System- a social system where your status is life long & permanent.Estate System- based on power & land ownership. Social Class system- a society/economic system where economic issues & achieve status explain our social position in society. Objective vs. Subjective ClassObjective- census questions or surveys. Subjective- if you ask most Americans what their social class is, they will say middle class, however 80% is not in the middle class.Social Economic Status- the average of income, education