PSY 247 1st EditionExam #3 Study Guide Lectures: 20- 27Lecture 20 (March 6)What are Somatic Symptoms Disorder? - Expression of physically symptoms that are medically unexplainable. Causes of Somatic Symptoms Disorder?- Anxiety or stress.What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?- Anxiety or fear of having a disease.Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder?- Cognitive Distortions:o Catastrophizeo Over generalizingo All or nothingo Selective Attention- Anxiety Lecture 21 (March 16) What is Conversion Disorder?- Physical malfunctions without any physical or organic pathology. (No cause but affects sensory and motor functions)What is Factitious Disorder?- Presenting as ill by falsifying symptoms with no obvious external rewards.- Munchausen Syndrome: physical symptoms are purposely induced for no apparent incentive except for attention; and there are compulsive qualities. - Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: making another sick; most likely a child. (may appear to be a model parent)What is malingering?- Feign or faking an illness for a purpose.Lecture 22 (March 18) What is Dissociative Disorder?- Sever alteration or detachment from one’s self. - Thought to be rare. Causes of Dissociative Disorder?- Trauma and stressWhat is Dissociative Amnesia?- Memory loss that is more severe than normal forgetfulness, and can’t be explained by medical condition. o Can’t recall traumatic period’s events or people in life; especially from childhood. What is Dissociative Fugue?- Creating physical distance from your real identity, and may include assumptions of new identity. - Symptoms:o Memory losso Abruptly leave home or workWhat is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?- Multiple personality disorder; 2 or more distinct personalities. - Usually they appear one at a time, and there is a sense of amnesia or blackouts. Aspects of DID:- Hosts- Alters- Quick switchesTreatment of DID?- Focus on reintegration- Relive or confront the early trauma. Lecture 23 (March 20) What is Anorexia Nervosa?- Refusal to maintain 85% of normal body weight, and has an intense fear of gaining weight or being overweight. Also, there is disturbed body perception.- Amenorrhea can occur. Two Main Types: Restricting and Binge-eating/ Purge Type. The driving motivation is fear:- Of becoming obese- Of giving into the desire to eat - Of losing control of body Medical Conditions:- Loss of Menstruations- Downy hair on limbs and cheeks. (Lanugo)- Cardiovascular problems- Electrolyte imbalancePsychological Problems:- Anxiety and Depression- OCD- Substance abuse- prescription drugs and dieting pillsStats:- 75% of cases are females.- Onset 14-18 years old- 0.5- 0.9% of females in Western Countries develop the disorder- Highest mortality rate of all disorders- Up to 20% of people with anorexia die because of the disorder.Treatments:- Supportive nursing care- Nutritional counseling- High calorie dietso Necessary weight gain is often achieved in 8-12 weeks. Lecture 24 (March 23) Bulimia Nervosa:- Binge Eating: excessive amounts of food in a short amount of time- Compensatory behaviors: purging, excessive exercise, or fasting.Most common Compensatory Disorder: vomiting, laxative, and diuretics.Number of binges per week can range from 1-30. Stats:- 67% are females- Onset 15-21 years old.- Symptoms may last for years with periodic let up.Medical Consequences:- Salivary gland enlargement- Erosion of dental enamel- Electrolyte imbalance- Calluses on knuckles (Russell’s sign)- More serious issuesBinge-Eating Disorder:Food binges but no compensatory behavior, and is likely to be overweight.Causes of eating Disorders:- Biological Dimensions:o Disordered eating can run in familieso Genes-linked to enzyme that metabolizeso Links to dopamine- involved in reinforcing effects of food; high dopamine, less eating; low dopamine, more eating- Psychological Dimension:o Body Dissatisfactiono Perfectionismo Depression/anxietyo Low self-esteem - Social Dimensions:o Self-critical styleo Criticism by otherso Peer relationship- having reinforcement from someone else who has is doing the same thing.- Sociocultural Dimensions:o Cultural messages about body ideals o Social comparisonLecture 25 (March 25)Dyssomnias: affects sleep onset, quantity, and quality of sleep- Narcolepsy: cataplexic attacks- sudden loss of muscle tone. Triggered by strong emotion.o Sleep Paralysiso Hypnagogic Hallucinations- Sleep Apnea: restricted air flow, brief cessations of breathing. - Circadian Rhythm Disorder: in ability to synchronize day and night. - Insomnia: 1/3 of people have mild insomnia; 3 nights a week, at least for 3 months. Parasomnias: abnormal events during sleep or transition between sleep and waking- Two types:o REM Sleep: Nightmareso Non-REM Sleep: Sleep Terrors and Sleep Walking- Sleep Terrors:o More common in childreno Piercing screamo Signs of elevated arousal (sweating)o Person looks extremely upset o Difficult to awakeno Little to no memory of event.Assessment: Polysomnography Evaluation- Measure airflow- Eye movement- Muscle movement - Brain wave activityTreatment of Sleep Disorders:- Benzodiazepines- Benzo-like medication: Ambien, Lunesta, SonataLecture 26 (March 27)Gender Identity Disorder: strong persistent dislike of sexual orientation; feels trapped in the wrong sex. Eventually, assumes identity of the desired sex or surgery (sex change).Paraphilia: Para= abnormal; Philia= strong attraction or liking.- Has acted on, or—- Distressed by urges and fantasies. Three types:- Non-consenting- Non-human objects- Pain and humiliationVoyeurism: observing an unsuspecting individual undressing or naked; risk is necessary for arousal.Exhibitionism: exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers; thrill and risks are necessary for sexual arousal.Frotteurism: arousal from rubbing against unsuspecting people.Pedophilia: sexual attraction to young children; 90% of perpetrators are male. Development of Sexual Orientation:- Genetic/ familial component- Biological interacts with environmento Fraternal Birth Order.Lecture 27 (March 30)Levels of Involvement:- Psychoactive Substance: anything that alters mood or behavior, or both.o Drinking alcoholic drinkso Smoking a cigaretteo Smoking marijuanao Drinking a cup of coffeeo Using illegal drugso Using Prescription drugsMost Common Illegal Drugs:- Marijuana- Cocaine- Heroin- Ecstasy- AmphetaminesCauses of Substance Abuse:- Biological Influenceso Genetic o Neurobiological- Psychological Influences o Positive Reinforcemento Negative