PSY 247 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-18Lecture 8 (February 6)AnxietyMost common mental condition in the US. - 18% of adults (in a given year)- 32% of adolescents (lifetime prevalence)What is anxiety?A negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future.What part of the brain is involved with anxiety?The limbic system; particularly the hippocampus and amygdala; the locus coeruleus in the brain stem; the prefrontal cortex; and the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system. Also, it is directly related to the GABA-benzodiazepine system and the serotonergic and noradrenergic transmitter systems. Lecture 9 (February 9) PhobiasMost common:Evolutionary primed phobias- snakes, heights, flying, illness, etc.Common Specific Phobias:-Animals -Natural environment-Situational-Blood-injection/ injuryWhat are the symptoms of phobias?-Anxiety about a specific object or situation lasting 6 months or more.-The object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety.-Fear or anxiety is out of proportion to actual danger that is posed.- Cause significant distress or impairment.Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)What is Social Anxiety Disorder?Fear of being scrutinized or doing something embarrassing in front of others. There is bothgeneralized and performance type. Women are twice as likely to develop SAD. Selective Mutism: this is the lack of speech in one or more settings. This usually occurs in children, and has to last more than a month. Lecture 10 (February 11) Panic attacksWhat are some symptoms of panic attacks?- Sweating- Increased heart rate- Chest pains- Nausea- Shortness of breathA person has to be experiencing four or more to be a panic attackPanic disorder is when panic attacks persist for one month or more.What is agoraphobia?Fear or avoidance of situations or events where help may not be available. Situations that may be difficult to escape.Symptoms of Agoraphobia:- Fear of public transportation, open or enclosed spaces, being outside the home alone, or being in crowds.- Actively avoiding the situations.- The situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety.- Fear is out of proportion.- In these situations they experience panic-like symptoms.- Has to last 6 months or more.What are Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms?- Excessive apprehension and worry- Strong, persistent anxiety- Muscle tension, fatigue, mental agitation- Problems sleeping- Has to occur for 6 months or morePrevalence rates of GAD?- 3.1% of the population- Female to male ratio- 2:1- Up to 7% with elderly peopleLecture 11 (February 13) Treatments of anxietyPharmalogical:- Benzodiazepine (Valium, Xanax)- fast acting; high risk of dependency.- Antidepressants (SSRI’s- Serotonin) - 4-6 weeks to work; low risk of dependency. Cognitive Behavior Treatments- Exposure to situation or object- Confronting Anxiety- provoking images- Coping Strategies. Lecture 12 (February 16) PTSD:Intrusion Symptoms:- Memories - Dreams- Flashbacks- DistressAvoidance of stimuli that is associated with event, and also detachment.Cognitive and Mood Symptoms- Inability to experience positive emotion- Distorted cognition- Negative emotional stateHigh comorbidity rate with depression.Symptoms occur more than one month after event. Women are more likely than men to experience PTSD.PTSD:- after 9/11 was at 20%- after hurricane Katrina was at 33%- in children after the Boston Marathon bombing was 11%Treatments- Medications- antidepressants- Cognitive-Behavioral- facing trauma, process intense emotions, and develop effective coping procedureLecture 13 (February 18) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Obsessions are intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges. Compulsion actions that suppresses obsessions. Symptoms:- Thoughts and actions not under voluntary control - Recognition that thoughts and impulses are senseless, however no control- Checking- Washing and cleaning- Ordering and arrangingOnset in childhood or adolescences Hardest disorder to treatPrevalence: 1%Body Dysmorphic Disorder:- Preoccupation with imagined defect in appearance- Impaired function- Repetitive behaviorTrichotillomania: hair pulling disorderExcoriation: skin picking disorder (1 more hours a day)Treatment:- Medication (SSRI’s)- Exposure to anxiety- Deep Brain StimulationLecture 14 (February 20)Mood DisordersGeneral Depression Symptoms:- Sad mood- Anhedonia (lack of pleasure where you once found pleasure)- Ruminating (rethinking negative thoughts)- Feeling of worthlessness- Sleep disturbances- Fatigue- Appetite change (over eating or under eating)Major Depressive Disorder:- 2 weeks of showing previous symptoms- Single episodes are rare- 85% will experience another episode- Recurrent- 4 episodes in a year.Statistics:- 13-16% of all adults will experience a severe unipolar depression episode.- 50% of people over 65 meet criteria for depression.Persistent Depressive Disorder:- “Dysthymia” (what it was called before DSM 5)- Chronic low level moods- Experience symptoms for 2 years or more- No more than 2 months symptoms free- Still functionalSymptoms:- Low self-esteem- Feeling hopeless- Low energy- Poor appetite or over eating- Sleep difficultiesPremenstrual Dysphonic Disorder:- Related to the menstrual cycle- Functioning is significantly impaired- Five or more symptomsSymptoms: - Mood swings- Irritably or angry- Depressed- Hypersomnia or insomnia- Lack of energy- Difficulty concentratingDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder:- Children from up to 18 years old- Frequent extreme behavioral discontrolCriteria:- 6 to 18 years old- 3 or more episodes a week for 1 year.Hypomanic and Manic episodes, and manic episodes are more severe and occur for a week. Hypomanic episodes occur for 4 days. Lecture 15 (February 23)Treatment of Depression:Psychosocial Therapy:- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- Interpersonal PsychotherapyAntidepressants:- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)o Fluoxetine (Prozac)o Lexaproo Paxilo Zoloft- Tricyclicso Tofranilo Elavil- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO)- St John’s Wort (Herb)- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Lecture 16 (February 25)Bipolar Disorder:Both Manic and Depressive episodesManic episodes:- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity- Decreased need for sleep- More talkative- Racing thoughts- Distractibility- Increased goal-directed behavior- Agitation- Involvement in high risk behaviorOnset in the