PSY 247 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (January 14)Introduction to Abnormal BehaviorWhat is abnormal behavior?A psychological dysfunction that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.Prevalence vs. incidence?Prevalence is the percentage of people who have a disorder in a given amount of time, and incidence is the number of new cases in a given time. Views of abnormal behavior- historical conceptions:Hippocrates was the first to say it was something biologically wrong. (460-377 B.C)Witchcraft (15th-17th century)Renaissance (14th -16th century) Reform Movement (18th -19th century)Traditional views of psychopathology:- Supernatural view was a belief there was a force of good and evil, and that deviant behaviors were caused by things like demons and witches.- Biological view was a belief that brain pathology was the cause of deviant behavior- Psychological view was the belief that deviant behavior was because of social and interpersonal problems- Integrative is the view that is taken on in today’s time. It states that psychological, biological, and social interaction all cause mental disorders.Words to know:Prognosis: anticipated course of a disorderComorbidity: presence of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time.Etiology: the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.Lecture 2 (January 16 ) Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Traditional views of psychopathology:- Supernatural view was a belief there was a force of good and evil, and that deviant behaviors were caused by things like demons and witches.- Biological view was a belief that brain pathology was the cause of deviant behavior- Psychological view was the belief that deviant behavior was because of social and interpersonal problems- Integrative is the view that is taken on in today’s time. It states that psychological, biological, and social interaction all cause mental disorders.Words to know:Prognosis: anticipated course of a disorderComorbidity: presence of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time.Etiology: the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensionsDiathesis:Inherited tendency to express traits or behaviors. (Genes)Gene-Environment Correlation:Genetics may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events.Biological factors:-Structure of the Brain-Neurotransmitters-Genetics/HeredityBehavioral/Cognitive factors:- Conditioning - Learned Helpfulness- Social Learning- Prepared LearningEmotional factors:- Fight or flight response- Fear, anger, sadness, and distressCultural, Social, and Interpersonal factors- Cultural Differences- Gender Differences- Social and Interpersonal factors (social support in a community)Lecture 3 (January 21) Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and ResearchWhat is a clinical assessment?Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting a possible psychological disorderGood Assessment techniques:-Clinical interview -Personality/Behavior assessment -Physical Examination (Psychiatrist)This allows for all parts of the integrative approach to be analyzed. Reliability: degree to which measurement is consistentValidity: degree to which a technique measures what it purports to measureStandardization: process to establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure it is used consistently across measurement occasions. This includes instructions for administering the measure, evaluating its findings, and comparing these to data for large number of people. Rorschach Ink Blot Test:Its ten cards showed to patients; always in the same order. Their response gives the psychologistan idea of their personality.MMPI-2:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 2nd edition. It’s got 567 items that are true and false answers.DSM-5:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Disorders, 5th edition.Research Methods:- Descriptive Design: provides detailed description of the person or event- Correlation Design: study’s phenomena just as they occur- Experimental Design: involves manipulation of variableso Independent Variable: the factor that is manipulatedo Dependent Variable: the factor that is measured. Treatment groups the independent variable is manipulated multiple timesControl groups are not exposed to the independent variable.Correlation coefficients is positive (+1.00), negative (-1.00), or perfect (1.00). The coefficients can range in between -1 to +1.Lecture 4 (January 26) ADHDDiagnostic Criteria:o Symptoms must be present before age 12o Inattentiveo Hyperactiveo Impulsive Prevalence:o 3-5% of school aged childreno 10-12% USo 16% NCLecture 5 (January 28) Intellectual Disabilities and Learning DisordersLearning Disabilities Diagnostic Criteria: o High IQ but low gradeso Achievements are not where they should be for their age, education, or IQ. Prevalence (LD): 5-10 %Intellectual Disabilities Diagnostic Criteria:o Below average intellectual and functioning o IQ of 70 or belowPrevalence (ID): 1-3% o 90% is mild IDLevels of ID: o Mild- IQ 50-55 to 70o Moderate- IQ 35-40 to 50-55o Severe- IQ 20-25 to 35-40o Profound: below 20-25Lecture 6 (January 30) AutismDiagnostic Criteriao Impairment in social communication and interactionso Restricted or repetitive behaviorsPrevalence: 1 out of 68