PSYC 104 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Units 10 11 Unit 10 Conception when the sperm fertilizes the egg Ovulation when the egg is in one of the ovaries Zygote the fertilized egg Embryo when the zygote attaches itself to the uterus wall Amniotic Sac a fluid filled sac that the embryo lives in until birth Placenta exchanges nutrients between the embryo and the mom Umbilical Cord links the placenta to the embryo Fetus what the embryo becomes after 9 weeks Teratogens substances that can harm the fetus Fetal Alcohol Syndrome when the mother drinks while pregnant and can lead to developmental effects Survival reflexes responses to the environment around them form the first day of life Schemas patterns of knowledge in long term your memory Assimilation use developed schemas to process new info Accommodation learning new information Sensorimotor Stage birth until age 2 physical interaction with the objects around them Object Permanence when objects can t be perceived but they know they exist Concrete Operational Stage more frequent use of transitions operations or abstract concepts Conservation understanding changes in an objects form Internalized in our minds Scaffolding encourage the child to achieve a higher cognitive level Zone of proximal development abilities of a child that they are just beginning to use Self awareness 5 months realizing they re an individual Self concept knowledge of ourselves Social Comparison compares themselves to other children Attachment bond with mother or primary caregiver Secure Attachment Styles engages with strangers while mother is present Ambivalent Attachment Styles wary of strangers clings to mother Disorganized Attachment Styles no way to cope with stress n a strange situation Temperament the personality characteristics of a child Parenting Styles behaviors of parent depending on their nature Authoritarian demanding but not responsive Permissive makes few demands and gives little punishment Authoritative demanding but responsive to the needs of the kid Rejecting neglecting undemanding and unresponsive Adolescence between puberty and beginning of adulthood Puberty hormonal changes cause physical alterations of the body Primary Sex Characteristics sex organs Secondary Sex Characteristic adam s apple deeper voice pubic hair Menarche first period Spermarche beginning of sperm development in boys Prefrontal Cortex area of brain used in reasoning problem solving and planning Myelin tissue that forms around axons and neurons to help speed transmissions Egocentrism adolescents believe they can do whatever they want Imaginary Audience everyone is watching them Role Experimentation search for identity Preconventional Morality punishment is avoided and rewards are sought age 9 Conventional Morality wants to be accepted and please others teen years Postconventional Morality use reasoning to justify behaviors adult Intimacy versus Isolation gives and receives love Generativity verse Stagnation interests in guiding the next generation Menopause when the menstrual cycle stops for 12 months straight Social Clock right time for major events in your life marriage kids Late adulthood 60 s Dementia disease that causes you to lose your cognitive abilities that interfere with daily events Alzheimer s form of dementia that is fatal and leads to a loss in emotions cognitions and physical functioning Unit 11 Emotion Regulation the ability to control and use your emotions Affect experience of feeling or emotion Emotion a feeling that guides your behavior Motivation a driving force of your behavior Health Psychology interface between affect and physical health Cannon Bard theory emotions and arousal happen at the same time James Lange theory emotions are a result of arousal Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer arousal and emotions happen at the same time Misattribution of Arousal incorrectly label the source of our arousal Excitation Transfer arousal from one thing leads to strong emotions for something else Basic Emotions anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise Cognitive Appraisal more complex secondary emotions Facial Feedback Hypothesis facial muscles trigger emotions Optimism expect positive outcomes Self efficacy belief in our ability to carry out actions to produce an outcome Hardiness less affected by life s stress relationship with both optimism and self efficacy Social Support positive social relationships Affective Forecasting predicting their future emotions Drives motivation inside us to balance our body out Goals desired outcome Homeostasis natural state of our body Intrinsically Motivated we work because we enjoy it Extrinsically motivated we work for money or praise Insulin a hormone made by our pancreas Basal Metabolic Rate energy used at rest Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder low body weight obsession with exercise Bulimia Nervosa binge eating then puking Obesity extreme excess body fat impacts health Body Mass Index measure of your weight and height Testosterone main hormone for arousal Oxytocin promotes closeness and bonding