PSY P-101 1st Edition Exam #4 Study GuideChapter 8- Encoding, Storage, Retrievalo Encoding: processing information for storageo Storage: holding info for retrievalo Retrieval: reactivating and recalling information- Information processing model components & characteristicso 1. Sensory memory: energy stimulio 2. Working/ short-term memoryo 3. Long-term- Spacing effect and the forgetting curveo Spacing effect: distributed study better retention than massed (cramming)- Implicit and explicit memoryo Explicit: knowledge a memoryo Implicit: unconscious, nonverbalizable, effects of experience- Rehearsal, organization, elaborationo Rehearsal: repeating, rereading, reviewingo Organization: structure, hierarchyo Elaboration: distinctive, memorable- Metacognitiono Metacognition: knowing about our knowingo Knowledge we have about thinkingo Self awareness and self-regulation of our thinkingo Good students have good metacognition- Emotions and Memoryo Strong emotions, especially stress strengthen memory formation- Long-term potentiationo More efficient neural synaptic firing due to storage and retrieval- 5 Influences on Retrievalo Cueso Contexto Emotional and Physiological Stateo Serial Positiono Forgetting- 16 Tips for forgetting1. Take active steps, don’t complain2. Grieve, acknowledge memory3. Talk4. Recognize5. Rectify situation6. Learn from situation7. Remember8. Count blessings9. Avoid people until ready to move in10. Keep busy, active11. Replace old memories12. Avoid alcohol and drugs13. Live in the present14. Be around those that inspire15. Positive/ new experiences16. Good mental skills- 6 Reasons why forgetting might occuro Brain damageo Encoding failureo Storage decayo Proactive interferenceo Retroactive interferenceo Motivated forgetting- 6 influences on memory erroro Misinformation effecto Imagination Effecto Imagination Inflation Effecto Source Amnesia. Misattributiono Implanted Memory EffectChapter 9- Forming conceptso Concepts: mental grouping (category) of similar objects, events, ideas, and people that most people agree belong together- 5 disadvantages of categorizationo Categorization ignores important individual differenceso Defining attributes don’t always worko Fuzzy boundarieso No good prototypeo Categorized in different categories- 5 Problem-solving strategieso Trial and erroro Representing the problemo Developing strategieso Insight: the Aha! Momento Incubation effect- 4 Obstacles to solving problemso Functional Fixednesso Fixation o Mental seto Confirmation bias- Algorithms and heuristicso Algorithms: methodical, logical rule or procedure guaranteeing solutiono Heuristic: simple strategy for making decisions, forming judgments, solving problems- 6 heuristics for making decisions & forming judgmentso Availability heuristic: base decisions on which alternative most “available”in mindo Representative heuristic: solution which best represents what I consider ideal (prototype) solutiono Problem substitution heuristic: substitute easy question for harder one askedo Affect heuristic: letting likes and dislikes determine your beliefs and judgmentso Mood heuristic: decision based on current moodo Intuitive prediction heuristic: make rapid decision without much conscious though- 10 effects that influence making decisions & forming judgmentso Halo effect: impression of person biases our feelings, thoughts, judgment of persono Overconfidence effect: overestimate accuracy of our beliefs, judgments, decisionso Loss aversion effect: people weigh losses much more than gains (almost twice as much)o Belief perseverance effect: clinging to initial conceptions after discreditedo Induced blindness effect: inability to see short comings of theory once acceptedo Framing effect: way issue posed and how alternatives presented affects orchoice o Anchoring effect: rely too heavily on 1st piece of info offeredo Endowment effect: ascribing more value to something simply because we own ito Sunk cost fallacy effect: investing additional resources in losing decision when better options availableo Base-Rate fallacy effect: ignore or underuse base-rate information and use/be influence by distinctive features of