Exam%2%Study%Guide%!!Chapter!3!Notes!• Consciousness!o Awareness!of!ourselves!and!our!environment!o Attention!• Two!tracks!and!their!characteristics!o Conscious!“high”!track:!mind!takes!deliberate!actions,!we!know!we!are!doing!it!o Unconscious!“low”!track:!mind!forms!automatic!actions,!often!without!being!aware!of!them!• Blindsight!o “Seeing”!things!without!consciously!experiencing!them!!o Experiments!tell!us!about!unconscious!processing!• Selective!Attention!o Choosing!to!attend!to!some!things!and!ignore!others!o The!good:!filter!out!extraneous!stuff!o The!bad:!hyper!focus!and!miss!things!o The!ugly:!texting!and!driving!• Selective!Inattention!o Failure!to!notice!part!of!the!environment!when!attention!is!directed!elsewhere!• Stroop!Effect!o “Low!road”!(autonomic)!processing!interfering!with!“high!road”!(conscious)!processing!o Class!example:!matching!colors!and!words;!if!the!color!doesn’t!match!it!is!harder!to!name!the!color!• Perceptual!Narrowing!o Arousal!and!anxiety!increase!too!much,!focus!becomes!too!narrow!and!miss!cues!• IZOF!o Individual!zone!of!optimal!functioning!o Example:!some!students!perform!well!on!tests!with!high!arousal,!some!don’t!!• Selective!inattention:!inattentional!blindness,!change!blindness,!choice!blindness!o Inattentional!blindness:!missing!the!obvious!when!attention!is!focused!on!something!else!o Change!blindness:!switch!things,!people! don’t!notice!changes!• Cocktail!Party,!PopQOut,!and!dual!processing!o Cocktail!party!effect:!mental!spotlight!on!one!thing!o PopQout!effect:!unconscious!filtering!§ If!someone!calls!your!name!from!across!the!room,!you!still!here!it!!!• The!effects!of!sleep!loss!o Lose!brainpower!!!!!PSY%P!101!!!!!1st!Edition!o Gain!weight!o Get!sick!o Be!irritable!o Feel!old!o Reduce!productivity!• Why!sleep,!particularly!REM!sleep,!is!important!o REM:!rapid!eye!movement!o What!sleep!does!for!us…!o Restores!and!repairs!brain!o Builds!and!strengthens!memories!o Facilities!creative!problem!solving!o Aids!physical!recovery!and!rehabilitation!o Maintains!an!regains!emotional!balance!!• 5!theories!for!why!we!dream!o Wish!fulfillment!(psychoanalytic!theory)!§ To!satisfy!out!own!wishes!o Information!Processing!§ To!sort,!consolidate,!and!file!memories!of!day!experiences!o Physiological!functioning!§ To!develop!and!preserve!neural!pathways!especially!for!infants!o Activation!synthesis!§ To!make!sense!of!a!random!neural!activity!o CognitiveQdevelopmental!theory!§ To!reflect!cognitive!development!with!maturation,!dreams!more!real!and!draw!on!our!greater!knowl edg e!and!understandings!• 7!signs!of!dependence!&!impact!on!daily!life!o Tolerance:!use!more!to!receive!desired!effect!o Withdrawal:!discomfort!and!distress!when!“high”!subsides!o Using!more!than!intended!o Persistent,!failed!attempts!to!regulate!me!o Preoccupied!with!substance,!obtaining!it,!and!recovering!o Important!activities!reduced!because!of!use!o Continued!use!despite!aversive!consequences!!!Chapter!4!Notes!• Nature!o Genes,!what!we!inherit,!nature!gives!us!• Nurture!o Experience/!environment!!• Heredity!o Genes!from!parents!• Environment!o Everything!not!genetic;!prenatal!to!people!&!things!around!us!• Diversity!o Differences!in!traits!between!us!due!to!genetic!and!environmental!influences!• Genetic!similarity!and!structure!of!cell!and!genes!o Genetic!similarities:!99.9%!similar!o 96%!with!chimpanzee!o 50%!with!banana!• Behavior!genetics!o Study!of!genetic!and!environmental!influences!on!behavior!• Twin!and!adoption!studies!o Biological!opportunity!to!study!effects!we!could!never!replicate!o Genes!constant!and!vary!environment!§ Identical!twins!raised!apart!o Vary!genes!in!same!environment!§ Identical!twins!vs.!siblings!• Big!5!Personality!traits!&!designer!babies!o Openness!o Conscientiousness!o Extroversion!o Agreeableness!o Neuroticism!• Birth!order,!parenting!influences,!temperament!o First!borns:!§ More!conscientious!§ More!socially!dominant!§ Less!agreeable!§ Less!open!to!new!ideas!o Temperament:!from!infancy!to!adulthood,!most!people!do!not!seem!to!change!temperament!§ Easy!§ Difficult!§ Slow!to!warm!up!to!• Molecular!genetics!and!designer!babies!o Molecular!genetics:!studies!molecular!structure!and!function!of!genes!• Epigenetics!o Environment!acts!on!genes!to!alter!activity!o Environmental!triggers!switch!on!or!off!gene!expression!• Evolutionary!psychology!o Uses!evolutionary!principles!to!explain!origin!and!function!of!mind,!traits,!behaviors!• MaleQFemale!differences!o Men!seek!women!with!fuller!figure!o Women!seek!males!with!loyal!behavior!and!physical/!social!power!and!resources!o Certain!sounds!men!cant!hear!that!women!can!!o