BIOSCI 152 1st Edition Lecture 19Form and Function V – Plant Nutrient Limitation Chapter 25 Learning Objectives After suitable revision, you should be able to: - use the terms below in context - List the most important nutrient limitations to agriculture - Recognize the nutrient elements that plants derive from soil - List the adaptations that plants have evolved to overcome soil nutrient limitation - Explain the benefits to the plant of association with bacteria which fix N2 gas - Explain what the bacteria in the legume Rhizobium symbiosis gain and what enzyme do they use to fix N2 gas - Explain the benefits to fungi and plants of the mycorrhizal association - Explain why plants have evolved to become parasitic and what they gain from this ability Vocabulary Nutrition Nutrient nutrient limitation Rhizobium Element fertilizer Nodule Nitrogen NPK fertilizer Infection Phosphorus Nutritional strategies Mycorrhizae Sulfur nutritional adaptations Parasitism Macronutrient Nitrogen fixing Carnivorous Micronutrient symbiosis (insectivorous) plants Hydroponics Legume Nutrient deficiencyBacteria From previous lecture: Macronutrient deficiencies – N • Proteins • Base pairs for RNA/DNA • Chemical defenses, misc. biochemicals (e.g. mescaline, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, caffeine, quinine) Macronutrients - P • ATP/ADP energy transport, storage • Sugar phosphates DNA and RNA • Phospholipids of membranes • Phospho-proteins essential for cellular regulation BIOSCI 152 Form and Function V – Plant Nutrient Limitation Chapter 25 Learning Objectives After suitable revision, you should be able to: - use the terms below in context - List the most important nutrient limitations to agriculture - Recognize the nutrient elements that plants derive from soil - List the adaptations that plants have evolved to overcome soil nutrient limitation - Explain the benefits to the plant of association with bacteria which fix N2 gas - Explain what the bacteria in the legume Rhizobium symbiosis gain and what enzyme do they use to fix N2 gas - Explain the benefits to fungi and plants of the mycorrhizal association - Explain why plants have evolved to become parasitic and what they gain from this ability Vocabulary Nutrition Nutrient nutrient limitation Rhizobium Element fertilizer Nodule Nitrogen NPK fertilizer Infection Phosphorus Nutritional strategies Mycorrhizae Sulfur nutritional adaptations ParasitismMacronutrient Nitrogen fixing Carnivorous Micronutrient symbiosis (insectivorous) plants Hydroponics Legume Nutrient deficiency Bacteria From previous lecture: Macronutrient deficiencies – N • Proteins • Base pairs for RNA/DNA • Chemical defenses, misc. biochemicals (e.g. mescaline, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, caffeine, quinine) Macronutrients - P • ATP/ADP energy transport, storage • Sugar phosphates DNA and RNA • Phospholipids of membranes • Phospho-proteins essential for cellular regulationWhich of the following nutrient elements are likely to be limiting for plants in soils?Carbon Iron Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Molybdenum Potassium Copper Zinc Nutrient Limitation • Majority of world agricultural areas nutrient limited or depleted • Sandy soils • NPK fertilizer application Nutrient Limitation Runoff leads to coastal eutrophication Algal blooms and Dead zones Loss of nutrients from the land! The nitrogen cycle (see Fig. 46.7) • No such (atmospheric) source for phosphorusWhich of the following nutrient elements are likely to be limiting for plants in soils?Carbon Iron Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Molybdenum Potassium Copper Zinc Nutrient Limitation • Majority of world agricultural areas nutrient limited or depleted • Sandy soils • NPK fertilizer application Nutrient Limitation Runoff leads to coastal eutrophication Algal blooms and Dead zones Loss of nutrients from the land! The nitrogen cycle (see Fig. 46.7) • No such (atmospheric) source for phosphorusWe are going to run out of phosphorus for fertilizer! http://seekingalpha.com/article/182522-taking-stock-of-phosphorus-and-biofuels Nutrient Limitation: Plants have evolved additional nutrient acquisition adaptations. Which of the following nutrient elements are likely to be gained through nutritional adaptations ? Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium The nitrogen cycle (see Fig. 46.7) 1. Nitrogen fixing symbioses • Symbioses between plants and N2-fixing bacteria • Found in legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, alfalfa, clover, kudzu, cycads…) • Mutualistic (both partners benefit) – Bacteria fix N2 gas (80% of atmosphere) into NH3 for use by plant – Plant provides carbohydrates (fromphotosynthesis), and environment for bacteria N2-fixing bacteria are housed in root nodules Fig. 25.5 • Nodules protect Rhizobium bacteria – supply carbohydrate for energy and reduced O2 environment • Each legume species has different Rhizobium species – attract via chemicals released into soil Formation of root nodules Fig. 25.5 Nitrogenase enzyme in Rhizobium bacteria fixes N2 gas into ammonia Fig. 25.6We are going to run out of phosphorus for fertilizer! http://seekingalpha.com/article/182522-taking-stock-of-phosphorus-and-biofuels Nutrient Limitation: Plants have evolved additional nutrient acquisition adaptations. Which of the following nutrient elements are likely to be gained through nutritional adaptations ? Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium The nitrogen cycle (see Fig. 46.7) 1. Nitrogen fixing symbioses • Symbioses between plants and N2-fixing bacteria • Found in legumes (peas, beans, soybeans, alfalfa, clover, kudzu, cycads…) • Mutualistic (both partners benefit) – Bacteria fix N2 gas (80% of atmosphere) into NH3 for use by plant – Plant provides carbohydrates (fromphotosynthesis), and environment for bacteria N2-fixing bacteria are housed in root nodules Fig. 25.5 • Nodules protect Rhizobium bacteria – supply carbohydrate for energy