BIO SCI 152 1st Edition Lecture 11Introduction to (Fungi and ) PlantsMy notes on d2l – LEARNING OBJECTIVESOnline Quizzes on d2l• Quizzes related to plant section of 152 • Not for grading - revision tool only • In dl2, click on ‘Quizzes’ • I will release quizzes in line with lectures • Feedback on wrong and right answers (after you finish the quiz) • Can take them as many times as you like - for review and exam practice! __________________________________________________________________FUNGILearning ObjectivesAfter suitable revision, you should be able to1. Define the following vocabulary terms 2. recognize key properties of fungi (and how the differ from plants) 3. recognize some of the ecological significances of fungi 4. recognize some of the principles of fungal nutrition 5. recognize the partners in fungal symbioses and what each partner receives 6. recognize some of the principles of fungal reproduction chitin moldVocabulary extracellular digestion antibioticslignin and cellulose fruiting bodyFungi degradation detritivoreEukaryoticdetritus saprotrophsheterotrophicnutrient cycling parasitesHyphae mycorrhizaedecomposersmycelium pathogens symbiontsdigestive enzymes Ascomycota (cup fungi)Plasmogamy = fusion oflichen Chytridiomycota hyphae n + nectomycorrhizae Meiosis Karyogamy = nuclei inarbuscular mycorrhizae Mitosis hyphae fuse, 2nBasidiomycota (club Haploid Dikayoticfungi) Diploid SporesZygomycota (molds) ZygoteFungi are not plants!What are Fungi ?• Eukaryotic • heterotrophic • Mostly multicellular, except yeasts • Thin filamentous hyphae which forms a mycelium Fig. 22.3 • Gain nutrients by extracellular digestion and absorption • Contain chitin in cell walls (like ……?) Fungi are most closely related to animals (Fig. 20.3)Importance of Fungi• In class exercise (see separate notes posted on d2l after the class) Fungi do really cool stuff!• (Fungal formFig. 22.3 Diverse shapes and formsLargest part of fungus (mycelium) is often hidden underground or in log of tree and ‘mushroom’ or toadstool is the reproductive structure or ‘fruiting body’Fungal nutritionStrictly heterotrophs – detritivores, saprotrophs,parasites (decomposers and pathogens) and symbiontsFungal AssociationsLichen – fungi and algaeImportant in succession – lichens are colonizers of bare rocks Dominate Arctic and Antarctic tundras. Breakdown rock to soil.Mycorrhizal Fungi– symbiotic with 90% of plants• Helps plant with inorganic nutrient uptake (phosphorus, minerals) • Fungus receives organic C – sugars from plant (produced by photosynthesisin the plant leaves) Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular mycorrhizae Fig. 22.9Increased surface area for nutrients exchange• Fungus digests organic material in the soil and gets sugars from the plant • Fungus – effective at taking up nutrients (especially P) – feeds nutrients to theplant • Mycorrhizae can connect different plants • More in plant nutrition section…Fungal types (taxonomy)4 major groups of fungi (based on reproduction)- Basidiomycota (club fungi) e.g. mushroom - Zygomycota (molds) e.g. bread mold - Ascomycota (cup fungi) e.g. morel, truffle - Chytridiomycota (aquatic, motile cells) - Some important fungi do not fit in these groups because theyreproduce asexually - Fig. 22.10, Table 22.1 Classification of the FungiFungal Reproduction…- Major Groups of Fungi Differ in Their Life Cycles - Asexual reproduction common (budding in yeast) Some review of definitions…- Mitosis and meiosis review (Fig.12.5) - Meiosis – chromosome number halves - gametes - Mitosis – normal cell division produces same genetic material - Haploid - 1 set of chromosomes (n) (gametes) - Diploid – 2 sets (pairs) of chromosomes (2n) - Zygote – cell from fused gametes – 2n Fungi only reproductive processes/terms-- Plasmogamy = fusion of hyphae (without nuclear fusion), n + n - Karyogamy = when nuclei in hyphae fuse, 2n Common – Basidiomycota – spores and hyphal fusionClub FungusSexual Life Cycles amongthe Dikarya Figure 22.15Asexual Reproduction is common- Many fungi reproduce very effectively by asexual processes (budding in yeasts, asexual spore production) - Large quantities of asexual spores produced on conidia e.g Epidermophyton floccosum - Budding in yeasts Spore dispersal- giant puffball Calvatia gigantea can contain 7,000,000,000,000 (7 trillion) spores Fungi are not even a bit like