BIOSCI 152 1st Edition Lecture 18Form and Function IV – Plant Nutrition Text chapter 25 Learning Objectives - Identify the macro and micronutrients required for plant growth - Recognize the role of N, P, S in plant function - Identify the key components to healthy soils - Recognize other components of soil fertility which affect plant growth - List some of the problems associated with modern agricultural practices, and some more sustainable practices Vocabulary Nutrition Amino acids leaching Nutrient cysteine compost Element interveinal chlorosis pH optima Nitrogen nutrient availability aeration Phosphorus phytoremediation drainage Sulfur soil anaerobic Macronutrient weathering erosion Micronutrient topsoil sustainable Hydroponics organic agriculture Nutrient deficiency inorganic crop rotationProtein soil fertility mixed cropping Nucleotides ions organic farming Phosopholipids clay adsorption Chemical composition of Plants 80 – 85% herbaceous plants are water • Stored in vacuoles • Most is lost via transpiration 95% of a plant’s dry weight is organic • C, O, H most abundant elements • Mainly carbohydrates, including cellulose • N (nitrogen), S (sulfur) and P (phosphorus) next most abundant • > 50 chemical elements present in a plant – Many non-essential – Minerals present often reflect soils, e.g. mine tailings, gold (Au), silver (Ag), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), etc. Essential nutrients • Essential nutrients – required for a plant to complete life cycle, from germination to production of seeds BIOSCI 152 Form and Function IV – Plant Nutrition Text chapter 25 Learning Objectives - Identify the macro and micronutrients required for plant growth - Recognize the role of N, P, S in plant function - Identify the key components to healthy soils - Recognize other components of soil fertility which affect plant growth - List some of the problems associated with modern agricultural practices, and some more sustainable practices Vocabulary Nutrition Amino acids leaching Nutrient cysteine compost Elementinterveinal chlorosis pH optima Nitrogen nutrient availability aeration Phosphorus phytoremediation drainage Sulfur soil anaerobic Macronutrient weathering erosion Micronutrient topsoil sustainable Hydroponics organic agriculture Nutrient deficiency inorganic crop rotation Protein soil fertility mixed cropping Nucleotides ions organic farming Phosopholipids clay adsorption Chemical composition of Plants 80 – 85% herbaceous plants are water • Stored in vacuoles • Most is lost via transpiration 95% of a plant’s dry weight is organic • C, O, H most abundant elements • Mainly carbohydrates, including cellulose • N (nitrogen), S (sulfur) and P (phosphorus) next most abundant • > 50 chemical elements present in a plant – Many non-essential – Minerals present often reflect soils, e.g. mine tailings, gold (Au), silver (Ag), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), etc.Essential nutrients • Essential nutrients – required for a plant to complete life cycle, from germination to production of seeds • Studying plant nutrition in hydroponic culture – growth with roots in liquid nutrient solution Early experiments eliminated one nutrient at a time to test effect on plant growth e.g. Copper included or excluded from water Hydroponic culture identified 17 elements essential for most plants • Some variability between plants - especially for micronutrients • Mostly tested in crop plants – less known about wild plants or tree species Macronutrients • 9 elements required by plants in relatively large quantities • C, O, H, N, S, P – common in organic compounds • Ca, K, Mg In class activity – What are the roles of macronutrients? Which nutrients are from soil? Organic molecules Carbon Amino acids and Proteins Oxygen Nucleic acids Nitrogen Phospholipid membranes Phosphorus Enzyme co-factors Sulfur Needed in chlorophyll Magnesium Defense compounds Macronutrient deficiencies – Nitrogen Roles in plants?Macronutrients - P Roles in plants? Macronutrients - S Roles in plants? Macronutrients – Ca, K, Mg Calcium (Ca) – structural component of cell walls - cell signalling e.g. guard cell turgor Potassium (K) – universal action in cellular function Magnesium (Mg) – Roles in plants? Micronutrients • Needed by plants in trace amounts • 8 elements – Iron (Fe), Chlorine (Cl), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B), Nickel (Ni) • Studying plant nutrition in hydroponic culture – growth with roots in liquid nutrient solution Early experiments eliminated one nutrient at a time to test effect on plant growth e.g. Copper included or excluded from water Hydroponic culture identified 17 elements essential for most plants • Some variability between plants - especially for micronutrients • Mostly tested in crop plants – less known about wild plants or tree species Macronutrients • 9 elements required by plants in relatively large quantities • C, O, H, N, S, P – common in organic compounds • Ca, K, Mg In class activity – What are the roles of macronutrients? Which nutrients are from soil? Organic molecules Carbon Amino acids and Proteins Oxygen Nucleic acids Nitrogen Phospholipid membranes PhosphorusEnzyme co-factors Sulfur Needed in chlorophyll Magnesium Defense compounds Macronutrient deficiencies – Nitrogen Roles in plants? Macronutrients - P Roles in plants? Macronutrients - S Roles in plants? Macronutrients – Ca, K, Mg Calcium (Ca) – structural component of cell walls - cell signalling e.g. guard cell turgor Potassium (K) – universal action in cellular function Magnesium (Mg) – Roles in plants? Micronutrients • Needed by plants in trace amounts • 8 elements – Iron (Fe), Chlorine (Cl), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo), Boron (B), Nickel (Ni)• Mostly used as co-factors in enzyme