PAS 214 Notes: March 24-26, 2015RenaissanceRenewal, Acceptance, PrideHarlem Renaissance (1917-1935) [World War I]Chicago Renaissance (1935-1950)I. DefinitionA. Literary and Artistic Movement in the early 20th century dedicated to their experience in America with regard to race and racism, and promoting their African based cultureB. Also known as: 1. New Negro Movements2. New Negro RenaissanceII. MotivationA. 3 way schism (divide) in black community—class and colorB. Elite1. Embraced white culture2. Established status organizations3. Church with no emotion4. Social functions5. “Siddity” attitudeC. Middle Class: Aspired to values of eliteD. Working Class1. Lived life day to day2. Expressive religion3. Valued “common” entertainmentE. Pan African Thought1. Glorified rather than denied African past2. Sought to instill pride in African values3. Promoted unity among those of African descent4. Restore African culture to position of respect5. Use knowledge of African culture, folk art, and literature to create new cultural formsIII. EventsA. Great Migration1. Blacks moved from rural south to urban north2. 400,000 from 1916-19183. 2 million by 1926B. Red Summer (1919)1. Urban Riots2. Whites destroyed black property3. Attacks on blacks by whitesC. Tulsa Race Riots (1921) Black Wall Street1. Greenwood Neighborhood Home to Rich Blacks2. 35 square blocks/600 black businesses destroyedD. Pan African MeetingsPAS 214 Notes: March 24-26, 20151. Convened by W.E.B. DuBois2. Paris (1919)3. 57 Delegates from 15 territories IV. LocationA. Harlem was Mecca for Blacks in Early 20th centuryB. Originally site of large rural estates in 19th centuryC. Urbanization by 1870s with large brownstones designed for white upper classD. Early 20th century large homes subdivided into apartments and sold to blacksE. 4 major streets in Harlem—125th, 135th, Lenox Ave, 7th aveV. Harlem—Early 20th CenturyA. 125th—Commercial hub and home of the Apollo TheaterB. Strivers Row, Sugar Hill—Home to Wealthy BlacksC. 7th Avenue—Where people went to be seen1. Parades2. Sunday Strolls3. ChurchesD. Jungle Alley—133rdVI. Important Harlem SitesA. Savoy Ballroom (lenox Ave and 140th)1. Black and Tan Club2. Public dancing “Home of Happy Feet”Lindy Hop invented thereHome of Battle of BandsChick Webb OrchestraB. Cotton Club (Lenox Ave and 142nd)1. Jim Crow Club2. Reproduced the racist imagery of the times depicting blacks as savages in exotic jungles or as “Darkies” in the Plantation South3. Chorus girls had to be fair skinned, tall (5’6”+), young (21 or under)VII. Significant PeopleA. Carter G Woodson1. Father of Black History2. Initiated Black History Week (Month)B. W.E.B. Dubois1. Cofounder of NAACP2. Souls of Black Folks3. Sociologist/Historian/Political Activist4. Leader of Niagra Movement5. Double Consciousness and Talented Tenth PhilosophiesC. Claude McKay1. “If We Must Die” (1919) “Harlem Shadows” (1922)2. Call to Blacks to resist oppressors and take action3. Became driving spirit behind renaissanceD. Langston HughesPAS 214 Notes: March 24-26, 20151. “Weary Blues”2. “The negro artist and the racial mountain”E. James Weldon Johnson1. “Fifty Years and Other Poems”2. “Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man”F. Rosamond Johnson— Negro National Anthem “Lift Every Voice”G. James Reese Europe1. Leading band leader of the late 19th century and early 20th century2. Clef Club—Black Musicians Union3. Clef Club Orchestra/Society Orchestra—played music of black composers4. Hell Fighters Military BandH. Paul Laurence Dunbar1. Poet, Novelist, Playwright2. Lyricist for “In Dahomey”: 1st all black Broadway showI. Marcus Garvey (Jamaican Native1. Return to Africa Movement2. UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association)3. Support and Patronage of Black businessesJ. Countee Cullen1. Leading Poet of Renaissance2. “Color” celebration of black beautyK. Alain Leroy Locke1. Philosophical Architect of Harlem Renaissance2. African Union SocietyL. John AlcindorM. James Monroe Trotter1. First Comprehensive study of History of AAM (1878)2. Still in print today3. “Music and Some Highly Musical People”N. A. Phillip Randolph1. Organized first black union (Pullman Porters)2. Led March on Washington3. Influential in desegregating defense industry and armed servicesVIII. PublicationsA. “Album of Negro Spirituals” (Burleigh)B. “Black World” (Garvey)C. “Crisis” (1910) Dubois1. AKA “The Crisis: A record of the Darker Races2. Monthly Magazine of NAACPD. “The Messenger”IX. OrganizationsA. NAACPB. Urban LeagueC. National Race CongressPAS 214 Notes: March 24-26, 2015D. National Baptist ConventionE. Fraternal Organizations—Divine NineF. Black Churches/HBCUsG. National Negro Opera CompanyX. Musicians/ComposersA. Used black folk music as source material for compositions and performance repertoireB. Used poems by black poets in art songsC. Exploited rhythms of negro dancesD. Harmony and melody from blues, spirituals, jazzE. Concert artists used folk and composed music of black artistsF. Studied in Europe with mastersG. Black Nationalists1. William Grant Still—Dean of Black Nationalists2. Will Marion Cook—Southern Syncopators3. Samuel Coleridge Taylor—Afro-British, (AKA African Mahler)4. Florence Price—first female black classical composer5. Robert Nathaniel Dett—Use of folk songs and spirituals in classical music for choir and piano6. William Levi Dawson—Arrangements/Variations on spirituals for orchestra/choir7. Eubie Blake/Noble Sissle—music theater/jazz8. Rosamond Johnson—composer/singerXI. Concert ArtistsA. Roland Hayes (1st international black concert artist)B. Marion Anderson1. Most celebrated 20th century black concert artist2. 1st black to sing at the metropolitan operaC. Paul Robeson1. Also NFL player and political activist2. Known for roles in Othello and showboat3. Blacklisted during red scareD. Todd Duncan—KY native1. First African American to sing with major opera company (1945)2. First to play porgy in porgy and bess (over 1800 performances)E. Dorothy Maynor (Harlem School of Arts)F. Josephine Baker1. First black female to star in film “Zouzou” (1934)2. Spent most of career in France3. International entertainer/political activist4. Helped integrate Vegas showsXII. Concert ChoirsA. Hall Johnson ChoirHelped establish spirituals as legitimate concert literatureAppeared in over 30 filmsB. Eva Jessye Choir (Originally Dixie Jubilee SingersPAS 214