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UofL MUH 214 - Review for Test 1

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PAS 214: February 3, 2015Review for Test 11. During what time period was the slave trade active? 1619-1888 How many years did it continue? 400 years2. What is the middle passage? Transatlantic transport of slaves from West Africa to Americas3. What percentage of slaves survived? 80-85%4. What percentage of the total slave trade ended up in the U.S.? 5%5. What was a factor and what role did one play in the slave trade? Exchange merchant, exchanged slaves for goods6. What items were used as compensation for slaves? Gunpowder, shells, brandy7. Which country monopolized the slave trade prior to 1700? Portugal. After 1700? England. How did this impact where the enslaved Africans ended up and how the music developed in those areas? When Portugal was in control, more slaves went to Caribbean and South America; When England was in control, more slaves wen to US Catholic religion more prevalent in Portugal closer to Africa model resulting in music closer to original African model in Latin and South America8. What was the significance of the triangular trade route? Raw materials (Cotton, tobacco, sugar cane) to Europe from Americas; Finished goods from Europe to Africa; Slaves from Africa to Americas9. What was the significance of the “Amistad” Supreme Court decision and how did it influence the slave trade? Start of recognition of Africans as people rather that property, beginning of intensified anti-slavery movement10. What melodic techniques present in African Music are evident in African American Music (AAM)? Call and Response, Guttural Effects, Melisma, Blue Notes11. What rhythmic techniques are strongly evident in AAM? Syncopation, polyrhythm, stratification, concrescence12. Explain the concept of Call and Response and how it has been used in AAM throughout history. Antiphonal music technique in which one voice presents a musical idea and another voice responds with either same material (confirmation), completion of musical idea (completion), or comment (answer)13. Why is AAM considered music of the oral tradition? It has been passed down by word of mouth, not written.14. What is a ring shout? Counterclockwise circular dance with music that has ever increasing tempo15. What are some other names by which the “ring shout” was known? Gloryshout, Walk around, Running Spiritual16. From what tribes and what areas of Africa did most slaves come? Ashanti, Dahomey, West Africa, Gold Coast, Ivory Coast17. What is the difference between assimilation and acculturation and how have these processes influenced the development of AAM? Assimilation: original culture completely disappears. Acculturation: original culture isPAS 214: February 3, 2015modified, but retains some elements, most evident in areas with strong protestant ethic and most efforts mad to eliminate any remnants of African culture18. Explain the process of cross-fertilization and how it impacted the development of AAM. Elements of two cultures influence each other resulting in a culture that has elements of both; most evident in Louisiana where slave management less harsh19. What is collective improvisation? Several voices improvising their parts simultaneously20. What performance techniques are considered guttural effects? “ Shouts;Intoned-defined pitch; nonintoned-indefinite pitch (spoken); moans, groans, screams21. Explain the concept of cultural memory. How does it relate to the development of AAM? Using memory to recreate things from previous culture22. What were 4 obstacles for Blacks in adjusting to life in America? Language, Culture, Adjusting to way of life, isolation of large plantation south,opposition to slave knowledge and maintenance of African customs, white fear, paternalism23. Explain the concept of lining out. Leader sings each line first, then line is repeated by group24. What is the “wandering refrain” concept? Use of same refrain for different songs25. Why were Dr. Watts hymns used as a basis for early African American religious music? What was available based on blacks attending white churches26. How did the Catholic and Protestant religions impact the development of AAM differently? Catholic religion closer to African model resulting in music closer to original African model in Latin and South America and in parts of America where Catholic religion was prevalent. Allowed significantly more freedom to slaves to maintain music and culture27. How was the purpose of African music reflected in early AAM? Functionality28. Name 4 types of cries. Plain (simple, straightforward, functional), Florid (very decorated with interpolation and melisma), Coloratura (more musical complexity in melody often displaying singer’s virtuosity, talent), Street Cries—Vendors (Used to sell goods)29. What performance techniques are typically associated with cries and hollers? Yodeling, Glissando, Melisma, Falsetto, Microtones, Repeated pitches, Guttural Intensifiers30. How were folk songs considered early protest songs? Improvised derisivesinging, Use of subtle satire in presence of whites, copied mannerisms of master or mistress, inserted as verses in otherwise innocent songs31. For what purposes were cries and hollers used? Communication, Used to make announcements, Arrange appointments, organize meets/work details, Convey greetings, sell goodsPAS 214: February 3, 201532. What is the difference between a holler, a cry, and a call? Hollers used to communicate across fields, calls/cries for more personal communication, cries express emotional experience33. What is the significance of Pinkster Day in relation to AAM? Celebration where blacks allowed to sing and dance34. What is Heartbreak Day? Jan 1: Most common day for exchanging of slaves35. What kinds of instruments were used to accompany early AAM? Banjo, fiddle36. Name 4 categories of instruments used in both African and early AAM. Name a specific instrument for each category. Aerophone—trumpet, chordophone—lute, idiophone—mbira, membranophone—drum37. Name four early African American dances that evolved from the African ritual dances. Quadrille, jig, cotillion, bamboula, calinda38. What are “patting juba” and “hambone”? Rhythmic body percussion using hands, feet, thighs39. Explain the role of the Griot and Jillikea in African music. Griot—tribal historian, Jillikea—singing men40. What was the significance of “Congo Square”? Allowed blacks to dance andsing using cultural memory which preserved more African traditions41. When and where was


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