Psy 1010 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 15 - 25Lecture 15 ( Wed Feb 11)Eliminative Reductionism recieve information, process information, transmit information Behaviorism has 2 parts a. voluntary behavior; B.F. Skinnerb. involuntary behavior; Ivan PavlovLecture 16 ( Friday Feb 13) Pavlovian Conditioning : Ivan Pavlov first used these when he conditioned dogs to salivate at thesound of a bell and then food was presented. Even when food was not presented after the bell, the dogs still salivated because they were conditioned to have food after the bell. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - “unlearned stimulus” environmental event that atomically produces a specific response without any learning at all. Unconditioned response (UCR) - “unlearned response” The behavior automatically produced by the UCS. Conditioned stimulus (CS)“learned” stimulus. This is an initially neutral environmental event that comes to produce a behavior like the UCR by being paired with the UCS. Conditioned response (CR) - a behavior produced by the CS once learning has occurred.Example study: There is a psychological study where subjects look straight forward and there are two tubes that puff air in front of their eyes. There is a tone and then a puff of air blows in your eyes and then The UCS is the puff that makes the person blink. It is the environmental event that atomically produces a specific response without any learning at all. The experiment continues. There is a tone then a puff, and the the subject blinks. After a few times, there is a tone and no puff and the person still blinks! The unconditioned response UCR would be the blink because it is the behavior automatically produced by the UCS (the puff). The tone the sounds before the puff is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it comes to produce the behavior (blink) when it is paired with the UCS The (puff). The conditioned response CR is the blink that the person does because is is the behavior that is produced once the learning occurs to blink after hearing a tone. II. OccurrencesExtinction: The graduate elimination of a learned response through removal of environmental controls of that response. Changes in the controls cause the conditioning to not work and the responses vary.Generalization: A process in which behaviors learned in one environment spreads to other similar environments. If a person fears their father, they might also fear a boss that resembles them because they are conditioned. The behaviors spread to other environments like the office.Discrimination: Learning to display different behaviors to different stimuli. the conditioning doesnot work to all stimuli like it. Lecture 17 (Monday Feb 16)Class Cancelled Winter Weather Lecture 18 ( Wednesday Feb 18)Reinforcement - a conditioning process that increases the probability that a response will occur. A reinforcer is an environmental consequence that occurs after an organism has produced a response and makes the response more likely to occur. Positive reinforcement is a rewarding stimulus that strengthens a behavior when it is presented.Negative reinforcement is the process whereby a behavior is made more likely because it is followed by the removal an aversive stimulus . II. Punishment Punishment is a conditioning process that decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. b. Skinner's pigeons received an electric shock each time it lecked at the target. It would be lesslikely to peck again because this operant resulted in an aversive outcome. II. Extinction occurs is enough conditioning trials pass in which the operant is not followed by the consequence previously associated with it. A child may study less if hard work no longer leads to positive reinforcement by parents.Extinction occurs is enough conditioning trials pass in which the operant is not followed by the consequence previously associated with it. An example is a child may study lass if hard work no longer leads to reinforcement by parents. Lecture 19 (Friday Feb 20)Schedules of Reinforcement- Rules that specify the relationship between responding and reinforcement. 5 typesFixed ratio schedule (FR-10) reinforcement made available after a fixed number of responses. 10x - pellet of food, 10x pellet of food. Fixed ratio produce high rates of responding followed by a post reinforcement pause. Variable Ratio schedule of reinforcement (VR-10) reinforcement made available after an averagevarying number of responses. on average every 10th response. they produce steady responses. steadily responding because it could be the next or the 20th. They are difficult to extinguish. you extinguish them by no longer reinforcing. rat keeps pressing because learned to do it without reward. Ex. gambling behavior. slot machines. once gambling is established it is hard to get rid of. Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement (FI - 30sec) - reinforcement made available for the first response after a fixed or set period of time. (FI - 30sec). scalloping is the pattern of behavior associated with responding of fixed interval schedules of reinforcement. ex: in this class 5 weekFI schedule of reinforcement. don’t work, cram,expect reinforcement (good grade).Differential Reinforcement (DRH) - of high rates of responding you must move behavior from fixed interval to DRH. high rates of responding, ex: studying, med school. Variable interval schedule of reinforcement. reinforcement made available after an averaging varying period of time. you get steady responding because nobody knows when it is coming. ex: pop quizzes Lecture 20 (Monday Feb 23)Skinner defines learning as the gaining of information. Learning is a more or less permanent change in behavior as a result to stimulus experience.Learning and ConditioningLatent learning is learning that has occurred but is not currently manifest in behavior. This is likeTolman’s experiment with rates in a maze. one group was reinforced with food to find their way around the maze while the other group did not. The reinforced group found their way through the maze more efficiently while the other group wandered aimlessly around. When the non-reinforced group received food, they found their way much quicker. they formed cognitive maps. This is like people finding their way around a new city and trying tp find a restaurant. It is learning that you have bu ti y had not yet manifest in behavior. Cognitive maps are mental representations of visual space.